UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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■ ALLUVIAL SOIL #Soil ◇ Alluvial soils are formed mainly due to silt deposited by Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra rivers. ◇ In coastal regions, some alluvial deposits are formed due to wave action. ◇ Rocks of the Himalayas form the parent material. ◇ They are the largest soil group covering about 15 lakh sq km or about 45.6 per cent of the total area. ◇ They support more than 40% of India’s population by providing the most productive agricultural lands. □ CHARACTERSTICS OF ALLUVIAL SOIL. ◇ They are immature and have weak profiles due to their recent origin. ◇ Most of the soil is loamy. Sandy and clayey soils are not uncommon. ◇ Pebbly and gravelly soils are rare. ◇ Kankar (calcareous concretions) beds are present in some regions along the river terraces. ◇ The soil is porous because of its loamy (equal proportion of sand and clay) nature. ◇ Porosity and texture provide good drainage and other conditions favourable for agriculture. ◇ These soils are replenished by the recurrent floods

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■ BLACK SOIL. #Soil ◇ The parent material for most of the black soil are the volcanic rocks that were formed in the Deccan Plateau. ◇ In Tamil Nadu, gneisses and schists form the parent material. The former are sufficiently deep while the later are generally shallow. ◇ These are the region of high temperature and low rainfall. It is, therefore, a soil group typical to the dry and hot regions of the Peninsula. ◇ A typical black soil is highly argillaceous (containing clay) with a large clay factor, 62 per cent or more. • In general, black soils of uplands are of low fertility while those in the valleys are very fertile. ◇ The black soil is highly retentive of moisture. ◇ It swells greatly on accumulating moisture. ◇ In the rainy season, the soil gets very sticky and hence ploughing, and other agricultural activities demand more effort. ◇ In summer, the moisture evaporates the soil shrinks and is seamed with broad and deep cracks.

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■ BLACK SOIL. #Soil ◇ The parent material for most of the black soil are the volcanic rocks that were formed in the Deccan Plateau. ◇ In Tamil Nadu, gneisses and schists form the parent material. The former are sufficiently deep while the later are generally shallow. ◇ These are the region of high temperature and low rainfall. It is, therefore, a soil group typical to the dry and hot regions of the Peninsula. ◇ A typical black soil is highly argillaceous (containing clay) with a large clay factor, 62 per cent or more. • In general, black soils of uplands are of low fertility while those in the valleys are very fertile. ◇ The black soil is highly retentive of moisture. ◇ It swells greatly on accumulating moisture. ◇ In the rainy season, the soil gets very sticky and hence ploughing, and other agricultural activities demand more effort. ◇ In summer, the moisture evaporates the soil shrinks and is seamed with broad and deep cracks.

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■ FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATIONS IN INDIA. #Soil 4. NATURAL VEGETATION. ◇ Natural vegetation reflects the combined effects of relief and climate. ◇ The formation and development of soil is very much influenced by the growth of vegetation. ◇ The decayed leaf material adds much-needed humus to soil thereby increasing its fertility. ◇ The densely forested areas contain some of the best soils in India. ◇ There is a close relationship between the vegetation types and soil types in India.

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■ FACTORS AFFECT SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA. #Soil 3. CLIMATE. ◇ Temperature and rainfall are the most important factors in soil formation. ◇ They determine the effectiveness of weathering of the parent material, the quantity of water seeping through the soil and the type of micro-organisms present therein. ◇ Two different parent materials may develop the same soil in the same type of climate.

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■ FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATION IN INDIA. #Soil 2. RELIEF ◇ The relief is the most important factor for soil formation in places with steep slopes like the hilly regions, edges of plateaus etc. ◇ Soil erosion on barren slopes is rampant, and it hinders soil formation. Example: Chambal ravines, higher reaches of the Himalayas where there is minimal or no forest cover (most on the steep southern slopes) etc. ◇ The areas of low relief or gentle slope generally experience deposition and have deep soils. Example: Indo Gangetic plain. ◇ The exceptions in the plateau are river basins where the soil layers are sufficiently deep. ▪︎SOURCE - D.R. Khullar (Chapter - 7).