UPSC GEOGRAPHY

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■ CLASSIFICATION OF COAL. 1. PEAT ◇ Contains less than 40 to 55 per cent carbon (has more impurities). ◇ Contains sufficient volatile matter and lots of moisture (gives out a lot of smoke when burnt cause pollution). ◇ Left to itself, it burns like wood, gives less heat, emits more smoke and leaves a lot of ash.

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■ FORMATION OF COAL. #Economicgeography ◇ Most of the world’s coal was formed in Carboniferous age (350 million years ago.) ◇ Name Carboniferous refers to coal-bearing strata. ◇ Coal formed millions of years ago when the earth was covered with huge swampy (marshy) forests. ◇ As plants grew, some died and fell into the swamp waters. ◇ New plants grew up to take their places and when these died more grew. ◇ In time, there was thick layer of dead plants rotting in the swamp. ◇ Surface of the earth changed, and water and dirt washed in, stopping the decaying process. ◇ More plants grew up, but they too died and fell, forming separate layers. ◇ After millions of years many layers had formed, one on top of the other. ◇ Weight of the top layers and the water and dirt packed down the lower layers of plant matter. ◇ Heat and pressure produced chemical and physical changes in the plant layers which forced out oxygen and left rich carbon deposits. In time, material that had been plants became coal.

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■ BLACK SOIL. #Soil ◇ The parent material for most of the black soil are the volcanic rocks that were formed in the Deccan Plateau. ◇ In Tamil Nadu, gneisses and schists form the parent material. The former are sufficiently deep while the later are generally shallow. ◇ These are the region of high temperature and low rainfall. It is, therefore, a soil group typical to the dry and hot regions of the Peninsula. ◇ A typical black soil is highly argillaceous (containing clay) with a large clay factor, 62 per cent or more. • In general, black soils of uplands are of low fertility while those in the valleys are very fertile. ◇ The black soil is highly retentive of moisture. ◇ It swells greatly on accumulating moisture. ◇ In the rainy season, the soil gets very sticky and hence ploughing, and other agricultural activities demand more effort. ◇ In summer, the moisture evaporates the soil shrinks and is seamed with broad and deep cracks.

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■ FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATIONS IN INDIA. #Soil 4. NATURAL VEGETATION. ◇ Natural vegetation reflects the combined effects of relief and climate. ◇ The formation and development of soil is very much influenced by the growth of vegetation. ◇ The decayed leaf material adds much-needed humus to soil thereby increasing its fertility. ◇ The densely forested areas contain some of the best soils in India. ◇ There is a close relationship between the vegetation types and soil types in India.

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■ FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATIONS IN INDIA. #Soil 4. NATURAL VEGETATION. ◇ Natural vegetation reflects the combined effects of relief and climate. ◇ The formation and development of soil is very much influenced by the growth of vegetation. ◇ The decayed leaf material adds much-needed humus to soil thereby increasing its fertility. ◇ The densely forested areas contain some of the best soils in India. ◇ There is a close relationship between the vegetation types and soil types in India.

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