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UPSC Optional Notes
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- حالة التحقق: غير موثّقة
- معدل التفاعل (ER): يبلغ متوسط تفاعل الجمهور 0.08%. وخلال أول 24 ساعة من النشر يحصد المحتوى عادةً 0.04% من ردود الفعل نسبةً إلى إجمالي المشتركين.
- وصول المنشورات: يحصل كل منشور على متوسط 11 مشاهدة. وخلال اليوم الأول يجمع عادةً 5 مشاهدة.
- التفاعلات والاستجابة: يتفاعل الجمهور بانتظام؛ متوسط التفاعلات لكل منشور يبلغ 0.
- الاهتمامات الموضوعية: يركز المحتوى على مواضيع رئيسية مثل convention, upsc, rain, constitution, current.
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المشتركون
-1124 ساعات
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أرشيف المشاركات
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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13 242
Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Vision Abhyaas decoded with pure logic 🧠🔥
By Girish Sir (148 in Prelims | 6 Mains | 2 Interviews)
No tukka. No guesswork. Only Only Logics & clarity....
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13 242
Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*10 Key Constitutional Amendments*
1. *1st Amendment Act, 1951*
• Restricted freedom of speech (Art. 19)
• Enabled land reforms, added 9th Schedule
2. *42nd Amendment Act, 1976 (Mini-Constitution)*
• Added “Socialist, Secular” to Preamble
• Curtailed judicial review, strengthened Centre
• During The Emergency
3. *44th Amendment Act, 1978*
• Reversed excesses of 42nd Amendment
• Restored Fundamental Rights protection
• Made Right to Property a legal (not fundamental) right
4. *52nd Amendment Act, 1985*
• Introduced Anti-Defection Law
• Added 10th Schedule
5. *61st Amendment Act, 1988*
• Reduced voting age from 21 → 18
6. *73rd & 74th Amendments, 1992*
• Gave constitutional status to Panchayats & Municipalities
• Strengthened local self-government
• Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s vision
7. *86th Amendment Act, 2002*
• Made Right to Education (6–14 years) a Fundamental Right (Art. 21A)
8. *99th Amendment Act, 2014*
• Created NJAC for judicial appointments
• Struck down by SC (violated Basic Structure)
9. *101st Amendment Act, 2016*
• Introduced GST (Goods & Services Tax)
• Created “One Nation, One Tax”
10. *103rd Amendment Act, 2019*
• Introduced 10% EWS reservation
• Based on economic criteria
13 242
Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Hydrogels*
♟️Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks of water-soluble polymers that can absorb and retain a large amount of water without losing their structural integrity.
♟️They are super-soft and transparent materials that can shrink or swell when exposed to water.
♟️Hydrogels are made by crosslinking polymer chains through chemical reactions.
♟️Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA):
This was the first hydrogel material used in contact lenses, offering flexibility and comfort.
♟️Silicone Hydrogel Lenses:
These are a variation of hydrogel lenses that improve oxygen permeability, allowing for extended wear and increased comfort.
♟️Modified Hydrogels:
These are hydrogels that have been modified to enhance their properties, such as increasing water content and oxygen permeability.
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Space Debris*
♟️Space Debris (also called space junk or orbital debris) refers to all man-made objects in space that are no longer useful but still orbit the Earth.
*💎Main Sources*
*♟️1. Defunct satellites –* Old satellites that no longer work.
*♟️2. Rocket parts –* Stages or fragments left behind after launches.
*♟️3. Collision fragments –* Pieces created when satellites or rockets collide.
*♟️4. Mission-related objects –* Bolts, metal pieces, or tools left during missions.
*💎Dangers*
*♟️Damage to active satellites –* Debris can crash into working satellites.
*♟️Risk to astronauts –* Even tiny fragments can harm the International Space Station (ISS).
*♟️Kessler Syndrome –* A chain reaction where collisions create more debris, making space too dangerous.
*💎Solutions*
*♟️Graveyard orbit or re-entry –* Moving old satellites into a safer orbit or burning them up in Earth’s atmosphere.
*♟️Active Debris Removal (ADR) –* Using nets, robotic arms, or lasers to clear junk.
*♟️New space rules –* Agencies now design missions to reduce future debris.
*♟️In Short,* space debris = old satellites + rocket parts + fragments that make space operations risky.
13 242
Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🛡️ *Significance Of Fundamental Duties*
♟️They serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow citizens.
♟️They serve as a warning against the anti-national and anti-social activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property and so on.
♟️They serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them.
♟️They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law.
♟️They are enforceable by law. Hence, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalty or punishment for failure to fulfil any of them.
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Important case laws related to Constitution of India:*
*1 S.R.Bommai v.UOI:* (1994)
Federalism I Secularism Artilcle 356 and floor test.
S. R. Bommai case was a landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India, where the Court discussed provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India and related issues. This case had a huge impact on Centre-State Relations. The judgement attempted to curb misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed on state governments.
*2 Samsher Singh v. State of punjab: (1974)*
Function of President/Governor with aid and advice of
Council of Ministers
*3 Maneka Gandhi v. UOI: (1978)*
Article 21 Right to travel abroad
(Article 14, 19 and 21)
*4 Indra Sawhney v. UOI: (1992)*
SCC - Mandal Commission
*5 C. Golaknath case (1967):*
Validity of the First and Seventeenth Amendments and described the scope of Article 13
*6 Kesvananda Bharti case (1973):*
Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution
*7 Menaka Gandhi case (1978):*
Significant towards the transformation of the judicial review
*8 Waman Rao Case (1981):*
Validity of 9th Schedule.
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Question Hour*
♟️The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is slotted for this.
♟️During this time, the members ask questions and the ministers usually give answers. The questions are of three kinds, namely, starred, unstarred and short notice.
♟️A starred question (distinguished by an asterisk) requires an oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow.
♟️An unstarred question, on the other hand, requires a written answer and hence, supplementary questions cannot follow.
♟️A short notice question is one that is asked by giving a notice of less than ten days. It is answered orally.
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Countries Along the Tropics & Equator with Mnemonics*
*💎Tropic of Cancer (16 Countries)*
*💎Mnemonic:- ESTONIA WC plays BBL in MMMMU*
♟️Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Oman, Niger, India, Algeria, Western Sahara, China, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Libya, Mali, Myanmar, Mexico, Mauritania, UAE.
*💎Tropic of Capricorn (10 Countries)*
*💎Mnemonic:- CAB PNB Se Mumbai Aai*
♟️Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia.
*💎Equator (13 Countries)*
*💎Mnemonic:- ECB SaoTomo GCC UKS MIKi*
♟️Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Republic of Congo, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati.
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