surgery

2-year-old male child was brought to the Children's Emergency Room with diarrhea for 6 days. He had angular stomatitis, peri-anal ulceration, weighed 7.0 kg, and the MUAC was 10.2 cm. His hands were cold, his pulse weak and fast, and skin pinch went back very slowly. However, he appeared to be fully conscious and was not lethargic Regarding the management of the child's condition in the above case, which of the following is true: A. He has all key signs of severe dehydration B. Immediately administer 140ml (20ml/kg) bolus of NS C. Discharge home as he has no dehydration and advise the mother on breastfeeding D. As he is not lethargic or unconscious, IV fluids should not be used

A 9-year-old child presents to the pediatrician with a history of brief, sudden lapses in consciousness without any convulsive movements. During these episodes, which last less than 20 seconds, the child seems to be staring into space and is unresponsive to verbal cues. There is no history of trauma, fever, or other systemic symptoms. The mother reports that these episodes have been occurring several times a day for the past two weeks. The child resumes his previous activity normally after theses episodes and have no recall of them. The MOST appropriate initial treatment for his condition is:

A 10-year-old boy is brought to the ER because he hasn't been able to walk since waking up that morning. His mother said that when he tried to get out of bed he was unable to stand without support. He also Has complained of a prickling sensation in his hands and feet. 3 weeks ago he had a fever, dry cough, and a sore throat. There is severe weakness in both lower extremities and mild sensory loss of the hands and feet. Knee and ankle jerk reflexes are absent. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in treatment :

Q: A 10-month-old boy is being treated for confirmed bacterial meningitis with high-dose IV cefotaxime and vancomycin. On day 5 of treatment, his fever is improving, but he remains irritable. His serum sodium is 126mmol/L, serum osmolality is low, and urine sodium is high with inappropriately concentrated urine. He has no vomiting, diarrhea, or signs of dehydration; his perfusion is normal. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his hyponatremia? A) Excessive insensible fluid loss due to persistent fever B) Inappropriate intravenous fluid restriction C) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion D) Acute kidney Injury due to nephrotoxic antibiotics E) Adrenal Insufficiency secondary to sepsis

A 7-month-old girl, presented with fever and poor feeding for 18 hours. She was drowsy and became very irritable when aroused. Her fontanelle was tense and she resisted neck flexion. A third-generation cephalosporin was started for her. A lumbar puncture was performed. CSF revealed: 1,500/cmm neutrophils, a raised protein, low glucose and numerous Gram-positive diplococci.

By now, you should:

A. Give dexamethasone after the second antibiotic dose B. Add vancomycin to the third-generation cephalosporin C. Immediately restrict fluids to 10% of calculated maintenance requirements D. Administer rifampicin as prophylaxis to all household contacts E. Order another lumbar puncture if she develops focal seizures on the fourth day of treatment

A 4-year-old child diagnosed with diabetes two years ago presents with frequent hypoglycemic episodes. Which of the following is LEAST acceptable as a cause of hypoglycemia? A) Missed or irregular meals B) Changing the insulin syringes C) Misplacement of polypharmacy (presumably polypharmacy = lipohypertrophy?) D) Infection E) Vigorous physical activity

A 13-year-old diabetic child with poor control (HbA1c of 12%) is seen in the endocrine clinic. The LEAST likely chronic complication to be examined at this stage is: A) Measurement of height B) Signs of dehydration C) Assessment of vision D) Lipohypertrophy at injection sites E) Positive prayer sign due to limited joint mobility