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UPSC Optional Notes
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UPSC Optional Notes (@upsc_optional_notes_material) Ingliz til segmentidagi kanali faol ishtirokchi. Hozirda hamjamiyat 13 242 obunachidan iborat bo'lib, Taʼlim toifasida 15 382-o'rinni va Hindiston mintaqasida 32 477-o'rinni egallagan.
📊 Auditoriya ko‘rsatkichlari va dinamika
невідомо sanasidan buyon loyiha tez o‘sib, 13 242 obunachiga ega bo‘ldi.
11 Iyun, 2026 dagi oxirgi ma’lumotlarga ko‘ra kanal barqaror faollikka ega. Oxirgi 30 kunda obunachilar soni -314 ga, so‘nggi 24 soatda esa -11 ga o‘zgardi va umumiy qamrov yuqori darajada qolmoqda.
- Tasdiqlash holati: Tasdiqlanmagan
- Jalb etish (ER): Auditoriya o‘rtacha 0.08% darajada jalb etiladi. Nashrdan keyingi dastlabki 24 soatda kontent odatda umumiy obunachilar sonining 0.04% ini tashkil etuvchi reaksiyalarni to‘playdi.
- Post qamrovi: Har bir post o‘rtacha 11 marta ko‘riladi; birinchi sutkada odatda 5 ta ko‘rish yig‘iladi.
- Reaksiyalar va o‘zaro ta’sir: Auditoriya faol: har bir postga o‘rtacha 0 ta reaksiya keladi.
- Tematik yo‘nalishlar: Kontent convention, upsc, rain, constitution, current kabi asosiy mavzularga jamlangan.
📝 Tavsif va kontent siyosati
Kanal uchun tavsif kiritilmagan.
Yuqori yangilanish chastotasi (oxirgi ma’lumot 12 Iyun, 2026 da olingan) sababli kanal doimo dolzarb va katta qamrovli bo‘lib qoladi. Analitika auditoriya kontent bilan faol hamkorlik qilishini, uni Taʼlim toifasidagi muhim ta’sir nuqtasiga aylantirishini ko‘rsatadi.
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Obunachilar
-1124 soatlar
-777 kunlar
-31430 kunlar
Postlar arxiv
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🚀 Stop Blind Guessing. Start Logic Building.
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What you will get:
✅ Decode PYQs: Analyze 10+ years of questions to see what the examiner sees.
✅ The 50:50 Dilemma: Learn how to resolve confusion and take "Safe Risks."
✅ Pattern Recognition: Identify recurring themes and hidden question patterns.
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🚨 UPSC Prelims 2026- Final Countdown Begins!
⏳ Only 60 Days Left
🔥 Dhurandhar Batch 2.0 launching on 26th March
This is NOT just another batch - this is your last serious attempt booster.
✔️ Laser Focus on Last 10 Years PYQs (Pattern decoding + repetition mastery)
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Superconductivity
✅ Discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1911)
✅ Property of certain materials to conduct direct current (DC) with zero electrical resistance when cooled below a critical temperature (Tc)
✅ Tc (Critical Temperature): Temperature at which material becomes superconducting
📍 Key Properties
✅ Zero Electrical Resistance: No energy loss during current flow → extremely efficient power transmission
✅ Meissner Effect: Complete expulsion of magnetic field from inside the superconductor (perfect diamagnetism)
📍 Applications
✅ Medical: MRI machines (strong stable magnetic fields)
✅ Science: Particle accelerators like LHC
✅ Transport: Maglev trains (magnetic levitation → frictionless movement)
✅ Energy: High-efficiency power cables & storage
✅ Technology: Quantum computing & advanced sensors
📍 Significance of New Research
➡️ Moving towards higher-temperature superconductivity reduces cooling cost
➡️ Enhances feasibility of large-scale real-world applications
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🚨🚨This is your last 60-day push for Prelims 2026 to stay disciplined, revise smartly, and practice daily.
Download the 60 Days PYQ Planner PDF 📢
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🚫 Stop endless scrolling.
✅ Start smart scrolling.
We post 8–10 UPSC-oriented MCQs every day.
Turn your scroll time into revision time.
Come, practice daily, stay exam-ready.
📌 Follow this channel & solve MCQs daily
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
SWAYATT Initiative (Startups, Women and Youth Advantage through e-Transactions)
●Objective: To increase participation of women-led enterprises and youth in government procurement.
●Features
-Enables startups, women entrepreneurs, youth, Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs), Self Help Groups (SHGs), and last-mile sellers to participate directly in government procurement.
-Implemented through the Government e-Marketplace (GeM).
-Based on the principle of social inclusion in public procurement.
-Addresses three major challenges faced by emerging enterprises:Access to markets, Access to finance,Access to value addition
●Government e-Marketplace (GeM)
-Online platform for government procurement, Known as India’s National Procurement Portal
-Used by ministries, departments and PSUs to buy goods and services
●Developed by DGS&D (Ministry of Commerce & Industry) with support from National e-Governance Division (MeitY)
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Countries through which Tropic of Capricorn Passes*
*💎Trick:- CAB PNB Se Mumbai Aai.*
♟️C : Chile,
♟️A : Argentina,
♟️B : Brazil,
♟️P : Paraguay,
♟️N : Namibia,
♟️B : Botswana,
♟️S : South Africa,
♟️M : Mozambique,
♟️M : Madagascar,
♟️A: Australia.
*Hit 👍❤️👌To Appreciate our Consistent Efforts.*
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🌏Gulf of Eilat
♟️It is also known as Gulf of Aqaba which is the northeastern extension of the Red Sea.
♟️The northern portion of the Red Sea is divided by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba in the east and the Gulf of Suez in the west.
♟️It is located along the southeastern edge of the Sinai Peninsula and to the west of the Arabian Peninsula.
♟️It forms an integral part of the East African Rift System and was created by seismic activity along the Afro-Syrian Rift.
♟️The Tiran Strait connects the Gulf of Aqaba with the Red Sea. It also serves as a connecting point between the continents of Asia and Africa.
♟️It supports unique and diverse aquatic ecosystems and serves as a vital habitat for some of the world’s richest coral reefs.
♟️It is bordered by the countries of Israel, Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
♟️Some of the major cities that are situated on the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba include Taba (Egypt), Eilat (Israel), and Aqaba (Jordan).
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*🛡️Ashoka Rock Edicts Features Inscribed in Edicts*
*♟️Major Rock Edict I :-* Prohibits animal slaughter Bans festive gatherings
*♟️Major Rock Edict II :-* Mentions the South Indian kingdoms such as Cholas, Pandya, Satyaputas and Keralaputras.
Deals with social welfare measures
*♟️Major Rock Edict III :-*
Liberty to Brahmanas Every five years Yukatas, Pradesikas along with Rajukas visit all the areas of the kingdom to spread Dhamma.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IV :-*
Preference of Dhammaghosa (Sound of peace) over Berighosa (Sound of wandrums).
Impact of Dhamma on society
*♟️Major Rock Edict V :-* Humane treatment of slaves by their masters Mentions about the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict VI :-* Deals with the welfare measures King’s wish to know about the condition of the people
*♟️Major Rock Edict VII :-* Tolerance towards all religions and sects
*♟️Major Rock Edict VIII :-*
Mentions about Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and Bodhi tree Maintaining contact with rural people via Dharmayatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IX :-* Stresses on the moral conduct of people.
Avoiding expensive ceremonies
*♟️Major Rock Edict X :-* Condemns the desire for fame and glory
*♟️Major Rock Edict XI :-* Elaborate explanation of Dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XII :-* Appeal for developing tolerance towards all religious sects.
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIII :-* Explains about Kalinga war and conquest through dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIV :-* Deals with the purpose of engraving inscriptions in various parts of the country.
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)* – Personal liberty under Article 21.
*Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine.
*I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights.
*Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21.
*S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356.
*Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission.
*K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy.
*Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality.
*Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid.
*Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine..
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Trans - Himalayas*
♟️Lies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.
♟️Also known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.
♟️Average elevation - 3000m.
♟️Average width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.
♟️Distance of about 1000km in east - west direction.
♟️This contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.
♟️The Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.
♟️K2 lies here.
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Repost from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919*
• The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once again resorted to the policy of ‘carrot and stick’. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick.
Main Features
• Provincial Government
• Introduction of Dyarchy.
• Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 percent of the members were to be elected.
• The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.
• Central Government
• No responsible government was envisaged in the Act for the government at the all-India level.
• A bicameral arrangement was introduced.
• The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.
• The Act clarified that there would be a gradual development of self-governing institution in India and not self-determination of the people of India.
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*🛡️Stages of Artificial Intelligence*
*💎Three Stages of AI*
♟️ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence)
⚜️“Weak AI”
⚜️Performs single, narrow tasks
⚜️No ability to generalise
⚜️Example: Siri, Alexa
*♟️AGI (Artificial General Intelligence)*
⚜️“Strong AI”
⚜️Human-like intelligence → can learn/understand any intellectual task
⚜️Can generalise knowledge
⚜️Does not yet exist
*♟️ASI (Artificial Superintelligence)*
⚜️Theoretical level
⚜️Surpasses human intelligence
⚜️Can solve problems beyond human capability.
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*🛡️Lord Curzon*
♟️The Bardhaman municipality, West Bengal has decided to erect a statue of an erstwhile maharaja in front of the landmark Curzon Gate in the city.
*💎About Curzon*
♟️He served as Under-Secretary of State for India (1891-1892), and for Foreign Affairs (1895-1898), before being appointed Viceroy of India in 1899.
♟️Of all the Viceroys of India, Curzon is possibly the most criticised — he is the man who partitioned Bengal in 1905, and triggered a wave of Bengali nationalism that contributed to the wider Indian national movement. He was also one of the more openly imperialist of viceroys, and a man who saw Britain’s rule over India as critical to the survival of the empire.
♟️In 1900, Curzon famously stated, “We could lose all our [white settlement] dominions and still survive, but if we lost India, our sun would sink to its setting.”
*💎Reforms by Lord Curzon*
*♟️Educational* Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904,which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government.
*♟️Scientific* The Agriculture Research Institute in Pusa (Bihar – Bengal Presidency) was established.
*♟️Administrative* He instituted a Police Commission in 1902 under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Frazer.
♟️During the Curzon regime, the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) was established which covered roughly the areas of the upper course of the River Indus.
*♟️Military* Imperial cadet corpswas set up which became an instrument for the Indianisation of the army later.
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🛡️India's installed renewable energy rank in the world
♟️Total renewable energy- 4th
♟️Solar power- 3rd
♟️Wind power- 4th
♟️Hydro power- 5th
♟️Geothermal power- 15th.
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📌Prominent Ashokan Pillars (Mauryan Art & Administration)
⭐️Delhi–Topra Ashokan Pillar
🪄Originally erected at Topra (Haryana) during Ashoka’s reign
🪄Shifted to Delhi by Firoz Shah Tughlaq (14th century)
🪄Inscriptions promote Dhamma
🪄Unique references to:
🪄Taxation policies
🪄Administrative measures
🪄Welfare activities (tree planting, public good)
🪄Mentions Jains, showing religious tolerance
⭐️Prayagraj (Allahabad) Ashokan Pillar
🪄Located at Ganga–Yamuna confluence
🪄Contains edicts on governance and Dhamma
🪄Mentions Ashoka’s queen Karuvaki
🪄 Highlights her charitable and Dhamma-related contributions
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*🛡️Tex-RAMPS Scheme*
*💎Basics*
*♟️Full Form:-* Textiles Focused Research, Assessment, Monitoring, Planning & Start-up
*♟️Ministry:-* Ministry of Textiles
*♟️Funding:-* ₹305 crore (2025–26 to 2030–31)
*♟️Aim:-* Future-proof India’s textiles & apparel (T&A) sector through research, innovation & competitiveness
*💎Key Components*
*♟️Research & Innovation:-* Smart textiles, sustainability, advanced materials
*♟️Data, Analytics & Diagnostics:-* Employment studies, supply-chain mapping, risk assessments
*♟️Integrated Textiles Statistical System (ITSS):-* Real-time monitoring + strategic planning
*♟️Capacity Development:-* Strengthening state-level planning & best-practice dissemination
*♟️Start-up & Innovation Support:-* Incubators, hackathons, academia-industry collaboration.
