Fuula Hubannoo Seeraa Bilisaa

Qaamni biraa manicharra ture kufuun miidhaa yoo geessise kan itti gaafatamu nama manicha keessa ture(occupier) yoo ta'u qaamumti manichaa kufuun miidhaa kan geessise yoo ta'e garuu kan itti gaafatamu abbaa manaati (owner) Art. 2081. Machines and motor vehicles 1. Owner. (1) The owner of a machine or motor vehicle shall be liable for any damage caused by the machine or vehicle, notwithstanding that the damage was caused by a person who was not authorised to operate, handle or drive the machine or vehicle. (2) He shall not be liable where he proves that, at the time when the damage was caused, the machine or vehicle had been stolen from him. Muraan tokkoffaan, abbaan machine sanaa ykn konkolaataa mootoraan socho'u sanaa namni machine sana sochoosu, ykn oofu, ykn qabu eyyama kan hin qabne yoo ta'ellee machiniin ykn konkolaataan balaa yoo geessisee argame itti gaafatamaa ta'a jechuudha. Defence addaa seeraan tumamee jiru kan muraa 2ffaa irraa,,, yeroo balaan sun qaqqabe machine sun ykn konkolaatichi hatamee kan jiru ta'uu mirkanoofnaan itti gaafatamni abbaa machinii ykn konkolaataa hafaa ta'a. Kwt 2082 fi 83 mata duree olitti ilaalaa turreen kan walfakkaatu waan ta'eef kwt 2084 ha ilaallu. Art. 2084. Collision between vehicles. (1) Where two motor vehicles are in collision, each of the vehicles shall be deemed to have contributed equally to the accident. (2) The owner of each vehicle, or the person responsible for it, shall bear half the total amount of the damage resulting from the accident. (3) The provisions of this Article shall not apply where it is proved that the accident was due, entirely or chiefly, to the fault of one of the drivers. Kan faallessu, yoo mirkanaa'e malee akka qajeeltootti konkolaataawwan 2 kan walitti bu'an yoo ta'e lamaanuu balaa dhaqqabeef walqixa akka gumaachan tilmaamama, walqixa itti gaafatamus. Inni biraan manufactured goods ( wantoota hojjetaman) warreen ta'aniidha. 2085 Bu'aa argachuuf yaadee, mi'oota ykn wantoota hojjechuun uummataaf ifaa namni godhuun gurguru, haalaan nama itti fayyadamurra mi'oota kanaan miidhaan kan qaqqabu yoo ta'e abbaan hojjatu sun itti gaafatamaa ta'a. Faayidaan saamunaa ittiin miiccuuf yoo ta'u namni nyaatee miidhaan irra gahe haalaan ykn faayidaa mi'ichaaf itti hin fayyadamne waan ta'eef abbaan manufactured godhe itti hin gaafatanu. Muraa 2ffaan ammoo fkn expiry date, utuu ilaaluu qabuu maamilli utuu hin ilaalin fayyadamee miidhaa qaqqabeef abbaan manufactured godhe ammas itti hin gaafatamu. Kwti 2086(1) itti gaafatamni bineelda, machiniifi vehicle, manufactured goods akkasumas mi'oota industirii keessaa bahaniin miidhaa qaqqabuuf namni itti gaafatamaadha jedhame, balleessaa dhabuu isaaniitiin, sababi miidhaa baramuu dhabuu isaan, miidhicha ittisuu dhadhabuu isaanii, ykn miidhichi kan qaqqabe balleessaa nama 3ffaa ta'uu isaa hubachiisuun itti gaafatama jalaa bahuu hin danda'ani. Muraa 2ffaa jala kan jiruun ammoo balichi kan qaqqabe gartokkeen ha ta'u guutummaan balleessaa miidhamaa yoo ta'ee argame garuu itti gaatafama jalaa bahuu nii danda'u. Kwt 2086 haga 2089 gidduu warreen jiran defence (ittisa) yaadamanii kan tumamaniidha. Kwti 2087 other objects warreen jedhaman warreen 2071, 2077, 2081-2082, fi 2085 jalaan ala warreen ta'an yeroo isaan balaa ykn miidhaa geessisan hogganuuf yaadameeti. Kutaa itti aanutti Itti gaafatamummaa balleessaa nama biroof dhufu ( vicarious liablity) ilaalla. Itti fufa,,,,, #Gammex

Akkuma ilaalaa turre bu'uura seera hariiroo hawaasaa kwt 2027 (2) irratti itti gaafatamummaan balleessaa malee dhufu wantoota lama; taatee (activity) itti gaafatamaan keessaa qabu fi wantoota inni harka keessaa qabuun (objects) miidhaan yoo nama biraarra qaqqabe akka ta'e ilaalaa turreerra. bu'uura muraa kwt kanaatiin objects warri jennu, animals (bineelda), ijaarsaawwan ( building ) fi maashinootaa fi konkolaattota warreen ta'aniidha. Kanaafuu warreen olii kun nama biraarra miidhaa kan geessisan yoo ta'e abbaan qabeenyaa qabeenyota olii irrespective of fault itti gaafatamaa ta'a jechuudha. Art. 2071. Liability for animals. 1. Owner. The owner of an animal shall be liable for any damage caused by the animal, notwithstanding that it has eluded his control accidentally or the damage caused was unforeseeable. Akka keewwata kanaatti, bineeldi jedhame akka tasaa miliquun yoo miidhaa geessisellee, hin geessisa jedhamee miidhaa hin yaadamne yoo geessisellee itti gaafatamaa ta'uun abbaa bineelda kanaa hin hafuuf jechuudha. Kwt 2071 waayee itti gaafatama abbaa qabeenyaa bineeldaa (animals) yoo ta'uu 2072 jalatti ammoo waayee eegduu (custodian) bineelda sanaa haasa'a. Kwt 2072 jalaa kan hubatamu, eegduu warreen jedhaman, itti fayyadamuuf harkasaa kan jiru, kireeffachuun, ergifachuun, eeguuf, ykn dhimma biraaf harkasaa bineelda jirtu jechuu yeroo ta'u, wantoota olii kanaaf utuu isa bira jirtuu miidhaa kan geessifte yoo ta'e itti gaafatamaa ta'a jechuudha. Namni bineeldi utuu eegduu (custodian) harka jiruu bineelda sanaan miidhaan irra gahe carraa sadii fayyadamuu danda'a. 1. Bu'uura kwt 2071 tiin abbaa bineelda sanaa irraa miidhaa qaqqabeef beenyaa gaafachuu ykn 2. Bu'uura kwt 2072 tiin eegduu sanarraa beenyaa gaafachuu ykn 3. Bu'uura s/d/f/h/h kwt 36 ykn bu'uura shh kwt 2155 tiin isaan lameen bakka tokkotti himachuu nii danda'a jechuudha. Abbaan bineeldichaa garuu, nama miidhame kan beenya'e yoo ta'e eegduu sanarraa gaafatachuu nii danda'a. Bineeldichi miidhaa kan geessise balleessaa abbaa bineeldichaan hin ta'in malee ykn balleessaa itti gaafatama isaa jala nama buluun hin ta'in malee beenyaa beenya'e guutummaa isaa akka isaaf deebi'u gaafatachuu nii danda'a. (2073) Kwt 2074 waayee bineeldota madaqanii kan haasa'u yoo ta'u, bineeldonni madaqan kunneen qabeenya namaa irra miidhaa kan geessisan yoo ta'e, abbaan bineeldota madaqanii kanaa nama miidhaan kun irra gaheef beneeldota kana gadhiisuufiidhaan itti gaafatama jalaa bahuu nii danda'a jedha. bu'uura kwt kanaatiin Bineeldota madaqan warreen jedhaman, warreen itti fayyadamuuf, ykn gammachuuf itti fayyadamnu warreen ta'aniidha. 2074 Kwt 2077, Mana/ ijaarsaawwan Buildings. 1. Principle. (1) The owner of a building shall be liable for any damage due to the Building even where the damage was unforeseeable. (2) The owner may claim compensation from the person who built the building, from the occupier or from the person by whose fault the damage was caused. Kwt 2077, abbaan ijaarsaa/manaa/ manichi miidhaa qaqqabsiisu kamuuf itti gaafatamaa ta'a. Kwt kana muraa lama jalatti ammoo, abbaan qabeenyaa manaa manicha nama hojjeterraa, nama keessa jiraaturraa, nama balleessaasaan miidhaan gaherraa beenyaa gaafachuuf mirga qaba jedha. Akka keewwattoota waayee bineeldotaaf tumamee jiruu osoo hin taane asitti wanti wanti waldhahee jiru, Manichi kan miidhaa geessise utuu namni biroon keessa jiruu yoo ta'eedha. Akkas jechuun manichi kan miidhaa geessise utuu abbaan manaa (owner) manicha ofiin qabatee ykn itti fayyadamaa jiruu yoo ta'e kanaaf tumaan seeraa ifatti jira garuu manichi kan miidhaa geessise utuu namni biraan itti fayyadamaa jiruu fkn possessor faa ta'e tumaan seeraa kallattiin hin jiru. Kwt 2080, mana tokkorraa wanti socho'aan kufee miidhaa nama biraarraan yoo geessise namni manicha keessa jiraatu itti gaafatamaadha. Kara biraa manichi gartokkee ykn guutummaan isaa kufee miidhaa kan geessisu yoo ta'e garuu bu'uura kwt 2077 tiin hogganama.

Akkam jirtu? Seera itti gaafatamummaa waliigalteen alaa (Tort law) irratti hubannoon kennamaa jiru akkuma itti fufetti jira. Har'a dhimma (case) dhiyeenya murtaa'eefi barsiisaa ta'e isiniif qooduuf Gara afaan oromootti hiikee dhiyeesseera! Dhimmichi kan murtaa'e Dhaddacha ijibbaataa mana murtii waliigalaa naannoo kibba lixa (south west) Itiyoophiyaatti. Maqaan walfalmitootaa jijjiirameera. Aadde Tigist Haadha ishee kan taate Aadde Roman irratti " Himatamtuun (haadhishee) ga'ee dhaala du'aa abbaa kootii (obbo Wondimmuu) utuu naaf hin qoodin guutummaasaa qabattee waan jirtuuf gaheekoo akka naaf qoodduuf itti naaf murtaa'u jechuun mana murtii olaanaa bench -Sheko jedhamutti himata dhiyeessiti. Kun kanaan utuu jiruu giddu-lixaa obbo Temesgen ammoo " Du'aan ykn Obbo Wondimmuun utuu hin du'in dura qabeenya isaanii kan himatamtuu waliin horatan gahee isaanii keessaa75% dhaamoodhaan naaf dabarsanii waan du'aniif bu'uura dhaamootiin naaf ha raawwatu jechuun gidduu gala. Himatamtuun deebiishee keessatti himata himattuu guutummaa guutuutti amanteetti. Kun erga ta'ee manni murtii olaanaa kunis dhaamoo jedhame kan qorachuu eegala. Dhaamochi dhaamoo ifaa (public will,,kwt 881) dha. Ragooleen giddu lixaa dhiyaatanii,,bifuma walfakkaatuun kan isaan ragaa bahan,, dhaamoon sun bakka arfan isaanii bakka tokkotti argamanitti kan hin dubbifamneefi kan hin mallattoofne ta'uu isaa jecha ragoolee irraa qulqullaa'uu danda'eera. Kara biraa dhaamochi ragoolee arfaniif bakka adda addaatti dubbifameefii bakka adda addaatti itti mallatteessani jechuudha. Manni murtichaas " kaayyoon kwt 881 'dhaamoon ifaa bakka dhaamoo kennaa fi ragooleen afur jiranitti dubbifamuufi ta'uu kanaas ibsamuufi hundi jalaa akkasanaan itti mallatteessuu qabu kan jedhamee ulaagaan kwt 881 (2) fi (3) jalatti ka'ame waan biraaf osoo hin taane jechi dhaamoorra ka'ame jecha du'aa ykn dhaamo kennaa ta'uu isaa shakkii akka hin qabaanneef" jechuun dhaamoon dhaamame FUDHATAMA qaba (valid) jechuun murteesse. Himattuun kana komachuun oliyyata gara mana murtii waliigala naannawaa uummattoota kibba lixa itiyoophiyaatti gaafattus manni murtichaa murtii mana murtii jalaa cimseera! Dhumarratti oliyyattuun (himattuun jalaa) dhimmichi dogoggora bu'uuraa hiikkaa seeraa waliin walqabate qaba jechuun gara mana murtii dhaddacha ijibbaata Naannawaa sanaatti dhiyeeffachuun manni murtichaas nii dhiyeessisa jechuun waamamaa (giddu-lixaa jalaa) waamsisuun erga walfalmisiisee booda murtii kanaa gadii kennee jira. Dhaamoo ifaan (public will) tokko gatii qabaachuuf bakka dhaamo-kennaan (testator ) fi ragaan nama afur argamanitti dubbifamuufi akka sanaan itti mallatteeffamuu akka qabu manni murtichaa kaaseera. Kunnneen utuu hin guutamin dhaamoon dhaamame bu'uura shh kwt 881 (2)&(3) tiin dhaamoo kufaadha. Kana qofaa utuu hin taane, dhaamoon ifaan bakka dhaamo kennaan, fi bakka ragooleen arfanuu argamanitti hin dubbifamneefi dubbifamee akka xumurameen akka sanaan jara oliin hin mallattoofne dhaamoo kufaa akka ta'e murtii mana murtii waliigala dhaddacha ijibbaata federaalaa lakk galmee 59268 jildii 11ffaa caamsaa 3, 2003 murtaa'erraa hubachuun akkuma danda'amu dhaamoon bu'uura shh kwt 881 (2)&(3) tiin hin taasifamne kufaadha jechuudhaan manni murtii dhaddacha ijibbaata naannawaa kibba-lixa itiyoophiyaa dhaamoo ifaa giddu-lixaan dhiyeeffate kufaa godheera. Seera ifaan barreeffameefi hiikkaa hin barbaanne akka fedha ofiitti hiikkuun hin dandaa'amu! Galatooma,,, Via,,zu

2069 (1) A person who exposes another to abnormal risk, by using or storing explosive or poisonous substances, or by erecting high-tension electric transmission lines, or by modifying the lie of the land, or by engaging in an exceptionally dangerous industrial activity, shall be liable where the danger he has created materializes, thereby causing damage to another. Keewwati kun hojii balaafamaa ilaallata. Yaadi waliigalaa keewwatichaa, Namni tokko waan dho'u, summii warreen ta'an hojiirra oolchuu, ykn kuusuun ykn sarara humna elektirikaa cimaa ta'e diriirsuun ykn uumama lafaa jijjiiruun ykn hojii industirii balaafamaa ta'e hojjechuun hojiinsaa kun ammoo nama biraarratti miidhaa kan qaqqabsiise yoo ta'e miidhaa qaqqabeef itti gaafatama ta'a jechuun kaa'a. Muraa 2ffaa irratti ammoo kana kan godhe mootummaas ykn hojiin kun abbootii taayitaan kan eyyamameef yoo ta'eyyuu itti gaafatama jalaa bahuu hin danda'u. Wanti dho'u maalif dho'e,,, waan barbaadeef ha dho'u (hawaasa fayyaduufis yoo ta'e) garuu dho'ee miidhaa yoo geessise itti gaafatama nii hordofsiisa. Summii (summii fayyadu kan akka aramaaf fayyadu faas yoo ta'e) miidhaa kan geessise yoo ta'e itti gaafatama nii hordofsiisa. Kwt 2070,,, balleessaan yoo jiraate malee qabeenyaa ollaa irra sababa balaa qaqqabeef miidhaan yoo qaqqabe itti gaafatama hin hordofsiisu jechaa jira. Amaariffi isaa "በአደጋ ምክንያት የደረሰ መበላሸት" yoo jedhu English isaa ammoo,,,,,,," property is reduced" jedha. Kanaafuu guutummaan guutuutti kan hojii ala ta'e yoo ta'e itti gaafatama fiduu mala? Gaaffiin yoo ka'e ballisnee ilaalla! Itti fufa,,,, #Gammex

Keewwati 2027 (2) fi kwt 2066--- Keewwatichi Waa'ee namni tokko balleessaa isaa malee haala inni itti gaafatamummaa fudhatu kan ibsu yoo ta'u kunis, seeraan ifatti yoo tumame qofa raawwatiinsa kan qabaatuudha. Yeroo akkasii kana namni himatamaa ( itti gaafatamaa) himatu kaninni mirkaneessuuf (prove) gochuuf dirqama qabu, balleessaa osoo hin taane miidhaa fi hidhata (causation) qofa akka ta'e hafuura seerichaarraa hubachuun nii dandaa'ama. Balleessuu dhiisuun himatamaa akka ittisaatti (defence) dhiyaachuu yoo baates garuu balleessaan (fault) miidhamaa akka ittisaatti dhiyaachuu akka danda'u yaada waliigalaa kutaa xiqqaa kanaarraa hubachuun nii dandaa'ama. As keessatti maddi itti gaafatamummaa seera dha. Kan biraan qabeenyi to'annoo isaa jala jiru miidhaa kan dhaqqabsiise yoo ta'e ,,, ha jedhu malee taatee (activities) fi objects hunda kan walqabate osoo hin taane kanneen seerri ifatti tumeen wal qabatee miidhaan yoo qaqqabe qofa itti gaafatamummaa hordofsiisa jechuudha. Sanas ta'u sana himataan kaninni mirkaneessuuf dirqamu; 1. Taatee himatamaan keessatti hirmaate ykn qabeenyi to'annoo himatamaa jala jiru miidhaa geessisuu fi kunis seeraan ifatti kan dhorkame ta'uu isaa mirkaneessuu, 2. Sababoota olii kanaan miidhaan qaqqabuufi 3. Hidhata miidhaa tarree 2ffaa fi sababa tarree 1ffaa irratti eeramanii walqabsiisuun mirkaneessuu qaba. Kana utuma jennuu himatamaan tasumaa ittisa hin qabu jechuu miti. Ittisa waliigalaaf kan addaa nii qabaata. Kanas baayyee isaa tokko tokkoon keewwattootaa jalatti teechifamanii jiru. 2066 haga 2089 tti. Fakkeenyaaf kwt 2066 ha ilaallu. Haala dirqisiisaa keessatti miidhaa geessisuu! "A person shall be liable for any damage he deliberately causes to another in order to save himself or another from an imminent damage to person or property" Kwt lammaffaan isaa kun ammoo ittisa (defence) tumameedha. "No liability shall be incurred where the damage is due to the victim's fault". Keewwati 2087 haga 2089 tti jiran ammoo ittisa (Defence) waliigalaa keewwattoota kutaa xiqqaa kana jala jiraniiti. "Object" warri jedhamaniifi akka kutaa xiqqaa kanaatti warreen itti gaafatamummaa hordofsiisan, kanneen kwt 2071, 2077, 2081 fi 2085 irra warreen ifatti kaa'amaniidha. Kwti 2066 kaninni himatamaadhaan jechaa jiru, "yoo ati hin balleessinellee namni ta'e gocha ati gooteen miidhameera waan ta'eef beenya'i " jedhaani jira. Yaadi kun kwt 75 seera yakkaa waliin walfaallaadha. Keewwatichi faayidaa (interest) himatamaa fi miidhamaa madaalawaa gochuuf tumame. Kanaafiyyuu namni itti yaadee of ykn nama 3ffaa balaa beekamaaf balaa ammee ta'e jalaa ooluuf/chuuf/ yaadee nama ykn qabeenyaa nama biraarratti miidhaa geessise itti gaafatama jalaa ooluu hin danda'u jechuudha. Inni biraan yaadi activities ykn gocha jalatti kufu miidhaa qaamaa kwt 2067 jala jiruudha. Keewwatichi; 2067(1) A person shall be liable where by his act he inflicts bodily harm on another. Himatamaan akka ittisaatti ykn defence tti yaadi inni kaafachuu danda'u yoo jiraate yaada kwt 2067 (2) fi 2086 (2) irra jiruudha. Yaada akka ittisaatti ka'uu malu kwt 2067 (2) jala jiru; "No liability shall be incurred where the act causing the harm was ordered by law or was done in legitimate self-defense, or where the harm is due solely to the victim's fault". Yaadi self defence seera yakkaa kwt 78 fi 79 irratti ifaan kaa'amee jira. Kanaafiyyuu seeraan osoo hin eyyamaminiif, of ittisuuf osoo hin ta'in ykn utuu miidhamaan balleessaa hin qabaatin namni qaama namaarra miidhaa geessise bu'uura kwt kanaan itti gaafatama jechuudha. Kwti 2068 fedha ofiitiin balaa tilmaamamu ofitti fudhachuun walqabata. Kanaafuu haala addaan ykn seera spoortii cabsuu cimaan yoo jiraate malee namni tapha spoortii keessatti taphataan tokko isa tokko ka miidhe yoo ta'e itti gaafatamummaa hin hordofsiisu.,,, NB: keewwati kun taphataa biraa qofa osoo hin taane Daawwataas hin dabalata. Inni biraan miidhaa bara ammaa babalina teeknoolojii waliin dhufaa jiruuf fala kaa'u kwt 2069 irra yaada jiruudha.

S/h/h keewwati 2053 Qabeenya hin sochoone (immovable) waliin walqabatee mirga itti fayyadama abbaa qabiyyee sarbuu (Trespass) yaada jedhu tumee jira. Keewwatichi; "A person commits an offence where, without due legal authority, he forces his way on the land or into the house of another, against the clearly expressed will of the lawful owner or possessor of the land or house" 1. Without due legal authority 2. He forces his way on the land or into the house of another 3. Against the clearly expressed will of lawful owner or possessor Akka qajeeltootti Abbaan qabiyyee ykn abbaan qabeenyaa qabeenya hin sochoonee qabeenya isaatti mirga bilisummaan itti fayyadamuu akka qabu heerris ta'e seerri biyyattii tumee jira. S/h/h kwt 1204 (2) fi 1205 Heera FDRE kwt 40 Haala addaatiin keewwattootuma olii irraa akka hubatamu garuu sababa adda addaatiin mirgi kun daangeffamuu akka danda'us seerichi nii kaa'a. Waa'ee trespass tti yeroo deebinu, kallattiin hiiki tumaa seera kanaa " seeraan utuu hin eyyamaminiif , abbaan qabeenyaa ykn abbaan qabiyyee utuu hin eyyamaminiif kanas ifatti utuu itti himuu qabeenya nama biraa kan ta'e lafa ykn mana namaa keessa kan gale balleessaa jedhama" jedha. English isaa irraa he forses his way kan jedhu; ofiin galuu, object waan ta'e galchuu fi nama biraa galchuu nii dabalata. Inni itti aanu kwt 2054 yoo ta'u keewwata olii waliin waan walfakkaatuuf garaagarummaan isaa kwt 2053 lafaaf mana (immovable) yeroo ilaallatu 2054 ammoo qabeenya socho'aa waliin walqabata. Inni biraan English isaa irraa jechi " ,,,he takes,," jedhu itti fayyadamuu miidhuuf butuu faa nii dabalata. Kwt 2055 Pre-contractual negotiations. A person commits an offence where, having declared his intention of entering into a contract and having induccd others to incur expense with a view to concluding a contract with him, he arbitrarily abandons his intention" Keewwata kana keessaa himi murteessoon; 1. Having declared his intention of entering into a contract 2. Induced others to incur expense with a view to concluding a k+ with him 3. He arbitrarily abandons his intention. Waliigaltee raawwachuun dura baasiif nama saaxiluu. Mr. A n magaalaa Dire Dawa taa'uun Mr B magaalaa Jimmaa jiraatu waliin waliigaltee akka waliigalan yaadasaa ibsuufi Mr B nis magaalaa Jimmaa irraa waliigaltee Mr A waliin waliigaluuf Gara magaalaa Dire Dawa qajeela. Kun ta'ee utuu jiruu Mr B n utuu deemuu Magaalaa finfinnee akkuma gaheen Mr A n akka tasaa waliigaltee sana akka walii hin galleefi yaadasaa akka jijjiire Mr B tti hima. Kanaafiyyuu baasii Mr B tiif Mr A n itti gaafatama.

Maqa balleessii (Defamation ) Art. 2044. Defamation. 1. Principle. A person commits an offence where hy his words, his writings or by any other means he acts in such a way as to makanother living person detestable, contemptible or ridiculous and to jeopardize his credit. his reputation or his future. Tumaan kun kan barbaachiseef kabaja nama lubbuun jiruu tokko eeguuf jedhameeti. Maqa balleessii nama lubbuun jiruu( nama lubbuun hin jirre irratti raawwatiinsa hin qabaatu) jechaan hata'u, barreeffamaan, fakkiin ha ta'u bocaan, agarsiisaa fi kkf n maqaa namaa balleessuun itti gaafachiisa. Tumaan kun (2044) qajeeltoo waliigalaati. Tumaa kana waliin walqabatee wantooti dagatamuu hin qabne; 1. Quunnamtii (communication) dirqama. quunnamtii namoota sadiiti. Quunnamtii nama arrabsamee(maqaan badee), nama arrabsee ykn maqaa balleessee fi nama 3ffaa dhimma kana dhagahe. Maqaa balleessuun sunis akka jibbamu, akka salphatu, akka itti kolfamu kan taasise yoo ta'eedha. Tumaa maqa balleessii kana kan adda isa godhu ammoo intent to injure (yaada miidhuu) ulaagaa akka hin taane, (kwt 2047(2) n alatti) 2045 (1) jalatti tumamee jira. Inni biraan maqa balleessii gareerratti (group defamation) taasifamuuti. Namni maqaa balleessu sun nama dhuunfaa tokko irratti kan xiyyeeffate yoo hin ta'in balleessaa akka hin jedhamne 2045(2) jalatti tumamee jira. Ha ta'uyyuu malee yaadni jecha inni dubbatee ykn barreessee haala sababa qabeessaan nama dhuunfaa tokko miidhuu danda'a jedhamee yaada tilmaamuun kan raawwate yoo ta'e garuu tumaan kun raawwatiinsa hin qabu. 2045 (3) Inni biraan kwt 2046 jalatti ka tumamee jiru, waayee dantaa uummataa ilaalchisee yaada kennamuuti. Dhimma dantaa uummataa irratti yaada kennuun nama dhuunfaa tokko kan miidhu yoo ta'ellee balleessaa hin jechisiisu. 2046(2) tiin ammoo jechi waayee nama dhuunfaa dubbate ykn barreesse soba ta'uu isaa sirriitti osoo beekuu kan dubbate yoo ta'e garuu itti gaafatamaa ta'a. Jechi dubbatame ykn barraa'e dhugaa ta'uunsaa yoo mirkanaa'e balleessaa akka hin taane 2047(1) jalaa hubachuu yoo dandeenyu, garuu miidhuuf qofa itti yaadee kan jedhe ykn barreesse yoo ta'e garuu 2047(2) nii kaa'a. Falmiiwwan naannoo mana mirtiif paarlaamaa keessatti geggeeffamanis balleessaa hin jechisiisu. Kwti 2050 fi 51 eegumsa maatiif gochuuf yaadamee kan tumameefi keewwaticharraa ifaa yeroo ta'u, kwt 2053 (tresspass) kutaa itti aanutti ilaalla. Itti fufa,,, #Gammex

Itti gaafatama balleessaa irraa madduun Akka waliigalaatti gochooti balleessaadha jedhaman shh kwt 2028 haga 2037 tti kan teechifaman yoo ta'u, addatti ammoo haaloti gocha tokko balleessaa jechisiisan kwt 2038-2065 tti tarreeffamanii jiru. Keewwattota kanammoo adda kan isaan godhu mirgoota heera mootummaan kennaman tiksuuf ykn yoo caban bu'aa siiviliin beenya'uuf keewwattoota tumamaniidha. Inni dhumaa keewwattoota kana adda isaan taasisu seera kutaa duraa keessatti akkuma ilaalaa turre beenyaa gaafachuuf miidhaan jiraachuun dirqama inni ture asitti dirqama miti. Mirgi heeraafi keewwattoota kana keessatti eeraman akkuma sarbamaniin miidhaan waliigalaa (General damage) tilmaamamuun beenyaan gaafatama. NB: kwt 2038-2065 tti kan jiru kwt 2104 faana yoo dubbisne salphaatti nuuf gala. Kwt 2038: Physical assault. 1. Principle. A person commits an offence where he intentionally makes contact with the person of another against the latter's will. (2) An offence shall be committed regardless of whether the bodily harm done to the other person is caused by personal contact or by the use of an object, animate or inanimate. (3) Unless otherwise provided, the mere threat of physical assault on ~n. other shall not constitute an offence." Keewwati kun BATTERY jedhama. Waan biraa miti, eyyama abbaa malee nama tuquudha. Heera FDRE kewt.14 " Right to life, the security of person and liberty. Every person has the inviolable and inalienable right to life, the security of person and liberty." Tuttuqqiin (contact) jedhamu hagi isaa tilmaama keessa utuu hin galin itti yaadamee fi eyyama abbaa malee taanaan bu'uura kwt kanaan hin gaafachiisa. Bu'uura muraa 2 tiin ammoo tuttuqqiin sun kallattiin (qaamaan ykn personal contact ) ykn alkallattiin ( wantoota lubbu maleeyyii fi lubbu qabeeyyii fayyadamuun) Bu'uura muraa 3 tiin sodaachisi qaamaa /yoo tumame malee/(seera yakkaa kwt 580) bu'uura kwt kanaan balleessaa akka hin jedhamne kaa'ee jira. Unfortunately, kwt 2038-65 gidduu jiran kun ammas wanta adda isaan godhan qabu, innis itti gaafatama- ittisa (liability -defence) hariiroo jedhamu qabatanii tumamanii jiru. Fkn kwt 2038 fi 2039,,,,2040 -43tti ,,,2044-2049 tti bifuma walfakkaatuun diriirfamee jira. Kwti 2039 defence ykn ittisa kwt 2038 tiiti. Kwt 2039 keessaa kan adda ta'uufi kan jijjiirame 2039(c) dha. Kwt kun heera FDRE kwt 36 fi seera yakkaa 576 n haqameera. Kanaan achi muraa a, b, d fi e n keewwaticharraa ifaa fakkaatu. Sanas ta'u sana, kwt 2039 (a,b,d, fi e) ilaalcha keessa galchuun namni eyyama abbaa malee kallattiinis ta'e alkallattiin nama tuqe, miidhaan yoo hin jiraannellee itti hin gaafatama jechuudha. Art. 2040. Interference with the liberty of another. 1. Principle. A person commits an offence where, without due legal authority, he interferes with the liberty of another person, even for a short time, and prevents him from moving about as he is entitled to do. (2) In such a case, an offence shall be deemed to have been committed notwithstanding that no injury is done to the plaintiff's person. (3) It shall be sufficient for the plaintiff to have been compelled to behave in a certain manner by the threat of a danger of which he could not be unaware." FDRE Article 17 Right to Liberty 1. No one shall be deprived of his or her liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law. 2. No person may be subjected to arbitrary arrest, and no person may be detained without a charge or conviction against him" Kwt 2041 haga 2043 tti ittisa ykn yeroo bu'uura kwt 2040 n itti gaafatamni hin jiraanne justification mul'isa. Mirga seeraan ala bilisummaa mulquu. Keewwattooti dhimma kanaaf tumaman (2040 haga 2043) ofumaan kan of ibsan yeroo ta'an tarii addaaf hiika barbaachisa kan jedhamu 2040(3) ha ilaallu. Bu'uura kwt kanaan physical contact ykn tuttuqaan qaamaa dirqama miti. Miidhamaa filannoo biraa dhabsiisuun filannoon biraa yoo jiraates filannoon jiru balaafamaa yoo ta'e bu'uura keewwata kanaan gaafachiisa.