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ุงู„ู„ู‡ู… ุงุฌุนู„ ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ูƒู„ู‡ ุตุงู„ุญุงู‹ ุŒ ูˆุงุฌุนู„ู‡ ู„ูˆุฌู‡ูƒ ุฎุงู„ุตุงู‹ ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุชุฌุนู„ ู„ุฃุญุฏ ู…ู† ุฎู„ู‚ูƒ ููŠู‡ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ุŒ ูˆู„ุง ู„ู„ุดูŠุทุงู† ู…ู†ู‡ ู†ุตูŠุจุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุชู‚ุจู„ู‡ ูŠุง ุฑุจู†ุง ุจู‚ุจูˆู„ู ุญุณู†. 'ุฅู†ู‘ูŽ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูุถูŠุน ุฃุฌุฑ ู…ู† ุงุญุณู†ูŽ ุนู…ู„ุง ' ูˆู‚ู„ ุงุนู…ู„ูˆ ูุณูŠุฑู‰ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนูŽู…ูŽู„ูƒู… ูˆุฑุณููˆู„ูู‡ ูˆุงู„ู…ุคู…ู†ูˆู†

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ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุชูƒู†ูˆ ๐Ÿฅฐ

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ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ ุงุทูุงู„ ุน ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุฏุชูŠุฑู… ุงุณุฆู„ู‡ ุดุงู…ู„ู‡ ูˆุณู†ูŠู† ุณุงุจู‚ู‡ ุจุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ ูŠุง ุฑุจ โ™ฅ๏ธ

Who proposed the idea of the Electra Complex, a complex observed in girls which is comparable to the Oedipus Complex? Carl Jung โœ“ Sigmund Freud Josef Breuer

ุฎุฏูˆ ุจุงู„ูƒูˆ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ๐Ÿ™Š

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ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ
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ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ

ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ
ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ

https://t.me/c/1835621925/2205 ุดุฑุญ ู†ุธุฑูŠู‡ ูุฑูˆูŠุฏ ู…ุณุชุฑ ูƒุฑูŠู… โค๏ธ

introduction to developmental psychology 1.pdf10.17 KB

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ุงู„ุจุงูˆุฑ ุฏุง ู…ุฑูŠุญ ู„ู„ุนูŠู† ุนู† ุงู„ุชุงู†ูŠ ุงุณูˆุฏ ูˆูŠุนู…ูŠ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚ ุฏุนูˆู‡ ุญู„ูˆู‡ ู„ุฒู…ูŠู„ุชู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู…ู„ุชู‡ ๐Ÿค๐Ÿค

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ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ุนู„ู… ู†ูุณ ุน ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุฏุชูŠุฑู… ุงุณุฆู„ู‡ ุดุงู…ู„ู‡ ูˆุณู†ูŠู† ุณุงุจู‚ู‡ ุจุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ ูŠุง ุฑุจ โ™ฅ๏ธ

ุงูุชูƒุฑูˆุง ุฏุง ูŠูˆู„ุงุฏ ๐Ÿ˜‚: โฌ…๏ธ Shigella, Salmonella, Chlamydia :symptoms of acute inflammatory diarrhea include Fever higher than 38.5 c, lathargy. โฌ…๏ธAcute diarrhea short duration less than 2 weeks (14 days). โžก๏ธMal absorptive Causes : lactose intolerance, pancereatic insufficiency. โฌ…๏ธ Moility Disorder as : Hirschsprung disease. โžก๏ธ Inflammatory Bowel disease as : ulcerative colitis. โžก๏ธ ูƒู†ุง ุจู†ุนุงู„ุฌ ุงู„ Diarrhea ุจุชู„ุงุชู‡ ุญุงุฌุงุช ุงูŠู‡ ู‡ู…ุงุŸ 1- Anti microbial therapy for bacteria : trimethoprim /sulfamethoxazole or 3 generation cephalosporin for dysentery. 2- Anti microbial therapy : Metronidazole : Azithromycin or nitazoxanide. 3- Zinc Supplementation : 10 :20 mg. 4- ุญุงุฌู‡ ุจุณ ู…ุด ุจูŠุจู‚ูŠ ู…ููŠุฏ ุงูˆูŠ ุฒูŠ Anti diarrheal compounds : minimal benefit. โฌ…๏ธโฌ…๏ธโฌ…๏ธโฌ…๏ธโฌ…๏ธ Noninfectious diarrhea โ–ถ๏ธ Mal absorption : disaccharidases difcicency. โœจ Endocrinopathies : thyrotoxicosis, Addison disease. ๐Ÿคซ โ™ฅ๏ธ.

โš ๏ธ โ›” ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ู ู…ุญุงุถุฑู‡ ุงู„ pneumonia : โบ๏ธ Pneumonia leading cause of death among children younger than 5 years. โžก๏ธ ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ noninfectious pneumonia aspiration of food or gastric acid or foregin bodies. โฌ…๏ธ Type of pneumonia :โ†ฉ๏ธ โ–ถ๏ธ Lobar pneumonia : all or large segment of one or more pulmonary lobes. โ–ถ๏ธ Bronchopneumonia : begain in the terminal bronchioles... Also called [lobular pneumonia]. โ–ถ๏ธ Interstitial pneumonia : inflammatory process more or less the alveolar walls. ๐ŸŒธ Viral pneumonia occur more frequently than bacterial pneumonias and seen in children of all age groups. โบ๏ธ The most viruses Causative agent are Cytomegalo virus - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). ๐ŸŒธ Viral pneumonia associated with cough, wheezing, or stridor. โžก๏ธ ู„ู…ุง ุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนุฏูˆูŠ ููŠุฑูˆุณูŠู‡ ุจุชุจู‚ูŠ ุฏุฑุฌู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑู‡ ู…ุด ุนุงู„ูŠู‡ ุงู†ู…ุง ู„ูˆ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠู‡ ุจุชุจู‚ูŠ ุฏุฑุฌู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑู‡ ุนุงู„ูŠู‡. ๐Ÿ’™ Bacterial pneumonia the most causative agent are Streptococcus - Staphylococcus. โœจ Bacterial pneumonia most often caused by mycoplasma pneumonia occurs less frequently in children as labor - interstitial or bronchial. โ†ฉ๏ธ Streptococcus pneumonia the most common bacterial responsible for Community acquired pneumonia in children and adults. โบ๏ธBacterial pneumonia associated with high fever, chills, cough, dyspnea. โ†ฉ๏ธ ุงุนุฑููˆุง ุงู† ู ู…ุฑุญู„ู‡ Congestion ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ decrease gas exchange โžก๏ธ hypoxia and acidosis โžก๏ธ fast breathing /tachyapnea. โœจูˆู ู…ุฑุญู„ู‡ Red hepatization ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ Crepitation โœจ ูˆู ู…ุฑุญู„ู‡ Gray hepatization ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ Chest indrawing โœจ ูˆุงุฎุฑ ุญุงุฌู‡ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง Healing by crisis ูˆุฏูŠ complete resolution may take another 1-3 weeks. โžก๏ธ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงูŠู‡ chest indrawingุŸ โ†ฉ๏ธ The lower chest wall goes in when the child breath in. ุงู„ CAP ุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ู„ Community Aquired pneumonia. โžก๏ธ Risk factors for CAP : 1 - Medical (age ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† 1 year + prematurely +malnutrition + immunosuppressant) 2 - Environmental ( overcrowding + winter season + fuel exposure + passive tobacco smoke) โ–ถ๏ธ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุณุจุจู‡ ู„ CAP : Streptococcus Staphylococcus Hemophils influenza Mycobacterium tuberculosis. โžก๏ธ ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุถู…ู† ุงุนุฑุงุถ pneumonia : Fever ูˆุจุชูƒูˆู† ุนุงู„ูŠู‡ ู„ูˆ ุนุฏูˆูŠ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠู‡ Cough with white sputum Dullness with percussion Malaise Difficult in breathing โ†ฉ๏ธ Labor pneumonia is not Characteristized by flat Dullness on percussion ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ Chest pain Retraction Nasal flaring โบ๏ธ ู…ู† ุถู…ู† laboratory studies : 1- Chest X ray :useful in confirming the presence of pneumonia and detecting complications as lung abscess. 2- Gram Stain - culture of sputum, blood cultures, biopsy. โ–ถ๏ธ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจู‡ ุจู‚ุง Treatment : โœจ For mild ill children not require hospitalization ุจูŠุงุฎุฏ oral amoxicillin โœจ In adolescent arespiratory fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) โœจ For school age children with infection with M. pneumonia or C. pneumonia suggested amocrolide antibiotic (azithromycin). โžก๏ธ With emergencie of pincillin high dose of amoxicillin (80-90 mg /kg/24 hr). Therapeutic alternative ( cefuroxime axetil and amoxicillin/ clavnlanate). โ–ถ๏ธThe optimal duration of antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated pneumonia in children is five day after body temperature drop to normal level. โ‰๏ธ ุจู†ุนู…ู„ prevention ุงุฒุงูŠ!ุŸ ๐Ÿ‘ Annual influenza recommended for all children over 6 months (trivalent or quadrivalent). ๐ŸŒธ Inactivated influenza vaccine use beginning at 6 months of age .. Live attenuated vaccine used for person 2 - 49 years of age. ๐Ÿ”š Universal childhood vaccination for H. influenzae type B diminished the incidence of pneumonias. ๐Ÿ”š RSV infections can prevented by use palivizumab in high risk patients. ุฎุฏูˆุง ุจุงู„ูƒู… ู…ู† Danger signs that indicate need hospitalization ูˆูƒุงู†ุช : Grunting Stridor in calm children Sever chest indrawing Sever malnutrition Room air Sao2 < 92 % Empyema Deterioration on treatment . All children younger than 2 months Children older than 2 months with impaired level of consciousness Cyanosis Inability to eat or drink. ูˆุจุณ ูƒุฏุง ๐Ÿ‘€โ™ฅ๏ธ

ุชุฎู„ูŠุต ุงู„ุงูƒุจุฑ ู…ู†ู†ุง ู„ูˆ ุญุฏ ู…ุญุชุงุฌุฉ ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ’™ Pneumonia

ุตุจุงุญ ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ ๐Ÿค ุจุฏุงูŠู‡ ูŠูˆู… ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ุขู…ู„ูŠู† ู ูƒุฑู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุนุฒ ูˆุฌู„ ูŠุฌุจุฑ ุจุฎุงุทุฑู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุง ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ุชูˆู„ูŠุฏ ุจุฅุฐู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุชุฎุฑุฌูˆ ู…ุจุณูˆุทูŠู† ูˆู…ุฌุจูˆุฑูŠู† ุถุบุท ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุจุณ ุงูุชูƒุฑูˆ ุงู† ุฏุงูŠู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุจุชุนุฏูŠ ุจูƒุฑู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู…ุด ุจู…ุฌู‡ูˆุฏู†ุง ุฎุงู„ุต ูˆุงู†ุชูˆ ุนู…ู„ุชูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ู…ุชููƒุฑูˆุด ูƒุชูŠุฑ ูˆุณู„ู…ูˆ ุฃู…ุฑูƒู… ู„ู„ู‡ ุฑุจู†ุง ู…ุนุงูƒู… ูˆูŠุนุฏูŠ ุงู„ุชุฑู… ู…ุนุงู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุง ุน ุฎูŠุฑ ูŠุง ุฑุจ๐Ÿ’™..

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ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ ุทุจ ุงุทูุงู„ ุน ู…ุญุงุถุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุฏุชูŠุฑู… ุงุณุฆู„ู‡ ุดุงู…ู„ู‡ ูˆุณู†ูŠู† ุณุงุจู‚ู‡ ุจุงู„ุชูˆููŠู‚ ูŠุง ุฑุจ โ™ฅ๏ธ

ุจุตู…ุฌูˆุง ุจุณุฑุนู‡ ู…ููŠุด ูˆู‚ุช ู„ู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚๐Ÿ˜‚ โ€Œ Law โ€Œโ˜žโฉ Role or standard established by the government Legislation โ€Œโ˜žโฉ Type of law comes from legislative branches Judicial law โ€Œโ˜žโฉ Based on Court , Principals are justice , fairness, respect, autonomy Contract โ€Œโ˜žโฉ Agreement between two or More individual Criminal law โ€Œโ˜žโฉ felony and Misdemeanor Civil law โ€Œโ˜žโฉ ููŠู‡ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู†ูˆุนูŠู† Unintentional tort as Negligence and Malpractice Intentional tort as Assault, battery, invasion of privacy, Defamation, False imprisonment Felony โ€Œโ˜žโฉ Serious , Rape murder Misdemeanor โ€Œโ˜žโฉ lesser crime, penalty of a fine Negligence โ€Œโ˜žโฉ failure or omission , do something Malpractice โ€Œโ˜žโฉ Carelessness by professional person Assault โ€Œโ˜žโฉ ุชู‡ุฏูŠูŠูŠูŠุฏ Harm another Battery โ€Œโ˜žโฉ ู„ู…ุณ ุจุฏูˆู† ู…ูˆุงูู‚ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃุฐู†ู‡ Touching without consent Invasion of privacy โ€Œโ˜žโฉ ู‚ูˆู„ุช ุงูˆ ุงุชูƒู„ู…ุช ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ุนุงู…ู‡ ู„ูˆ ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃู† ุนู…ู„ุชู‡ ูƒุฐุง ูˆูƒุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ุชู‡ูƒุช ุฎุตูˆุตูŠุชู‡ All aspects of patient care free from unwanted publicity Defamation โ€Œโ˜žโฉ Holding up of person to ridicule Fale imprisonment โ€Œโ˜žโฉ person stay in a place against her wishes