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𝙁𝙤𝙤𝙩-𝙖𝙣𝙙-𝙈𝙤𝙪𝙩𝙝 𝘿𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 (𝙁𝙈𝘿) [email protected] @Aman28vet

FOOT ROT/ FOUL in THE FOOT ● Cause Footrot or foul in the foot is a subacute or acute necrotic infection originating from a lesion in the interdigital skin that leads to a cellulitis in the digital region. Mechanical injury or softening and thinning of the interdigital (between the toes) skin by puncture wounds or continuous exposure to wet conditions are necessary to provide entrance points for infectious agents. Fusobacterium necrophorum is considered to be the major cause of footrot. It can be isolated from feces, which may explain why control is difficult. Other organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes , and possibly Bacteroides melaninogenicus , can also be involved. Footrot has a worldwide distribution and is usually sporadic but may be endemic in intensive beef or dairy cattle production units. The incidence varies according to weather, season of year, grazing periods, and housing system. On average, footrot accounts for around 15 per cent of claw diseases. ●Symptoms Severe lameness Animal holds leg in air to relieve pressure Swelling of interdigital space Fever Anorexia Reduced milk yield Hind feet are affected most often and cattle tend to stand and walk on their toes. ●Prevention Preventive measures include removing sources of injury and keeping feet dry and clean. Animals that are actively shedding infectious organisms should be isolated until signs of lameness have disappeared. If this is not possible, a waterproof dressing or protective boot should be applied; however, animals wearing protective boots should be monitored carefully to avoid additional damage. Boots should be disinfected between use. Because busy traffic areas are invariably heavily contaminated, steps should be taken to ensure that areas around drinking troughs, gateways, and tracks are adequately drained. Animals at pasture might be moved to a clean, dry area, or possibly housed during periods of heavy rainfall. Contaminated concrete must be frequently cleaned and scraped free of manure. Preventive use of a footbath with an antiseptic and astringent solution (eg, copper or zinc sulfate) has given beneficial results. Formaldehyde solution can also be used, but in some areas it is considered to be an environmental hazard if discharged into natural waterways. Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide has been used as a feed supplement for prevention, but the results are extremely uncertain. Vaccines against F necrophorum have failed because of the weak immune response to the bacterium. High levels of zinc fed as a supplement have a beneficial effect by improving epidermal resistance to bacterial invaders. [email protected] @Aman28vet

FOOT ROT/ FOUL in THE FOOT [email protected] @Aman28vet

𝙁𝙤𝙤𝙩-𝙖𝙣𝙙-𝙈𝙤𝙪𝙩𝙝 𝘿𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 (𝙁𝙈𝘿) Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly contagious viral disease of cattle and swine. It also affects sheep, goats, deer, and other cloven-hooved ruminants. FMD is not recognised as a zoonotic disease. The disease spreads very quickly if not controlled and because of this is a reportable disease. #Cause The disease is caused by a virus of which there are seven ‘types’, each producing the same symptoms, and distinguishable only in the laboratory. Immunity to one type does not protect an animal against other types. The interval between exposure to infection and the appearance of symptoms varies between twenty-four hours and ten days, or even longer. The average time, under natural conditions, is three to six days. The virus survives in lymph nodes and bone marrow at neutral pH, but is destroyed in muscle when pH is less than 6.0, i.e., after rigor mortis. The virus can persist in contaminated fodder and the environment for up to one month, depending on the temperature and pH conditions. Airborne spread of the disease can take place and under favourable weather conditions the disease may be spread considerable distances by this route. Animals pick up the virus either by direct contact with an infected animal or by contact with foodstuffs or other things which have been contaminated by such an animal, or by eating or coming into contact with some part of an infected carcase. Outbreaks have been linked with the importation of infected meat and meat products. The disease can also be spread by people, vehicles and other objects that have been contaminated by the virus. #Symptoms Fever Bilsters in the mouth and on feet Drop in milk production Weight lossLoss of appetite Quivering lips and frothing of mouth Cows may develop blisters on teats LamenessTreatment Treatment is not given. Affected animals will recover. However because of the loss of production and the infectious state of the disease, infected animals are usually culled. #Prevention FMD is one of the most difficult animal infections to control. Because the disease occurs in many parts of the world, there is always a chance of its accidental introduction into an unaffected country. Export restrictions are often imposed on countries with known outbreaks. FMD outbreaks are usually controlled by quarantines and movement restrictions, euthanasia of affected and in-contact animals, and cleansing and disinfection of affected premises, equipment and vehicles. Infected carcasses must be disposed of safely by incineration, rendering, burial or other techniques. Milk from infected cows can be inactivated by heating to 100°C (212°F) for more than 20 minutes. Slurry can be heated to 67°C (153°F) for three minutes. Rodents and other vectors may be killed to prevent them from mechanically disseminating the virus. Good biosecurity measures should be practiced on uninfected farms to prevent entry of the virus. #Vaccination Vaccination can be used to reduce the spread of FMD or protect specific animals. Vaccines are also used in endemic regions to protect animals from clinical disease. FMDV vaccines must closely match the serotype and strain of the infecting strain. Vaccination with one serotype does not protect the animal against other serotypes, and may not protect the animal completely or at all from other strains of the same serotype. Currently, there is no universal FMD vaccine. [email protected] @Aman28vet

COCCIDIOSIS [email protected] @Aman28vet

■■ 𝙒𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙚𝙣 𝙏𝙤𝙣𝙜𝙪𝙚 (𝘼𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙤𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨) Wooden tongue is a well defined disease of the soft tissues of the mouth region in cattle. Its causative agent is actinobacillus lignieresii, it is part of the normal bacterial flora of the upper digestive tract. The bacteria invade the skin through a wound and minor trauma caused by beating sticks or straw or barley awns. ■ 𝙎𝙮𝙢𝙥𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙨 ●Inability to eat and drink ●Drooling of saliva ●Rapid loss of body condition ●Painful and swollen tongue. ●Ulcers on tongue ■■ 𝘿𝙞𝙖𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨 ● On basis of clinical Signs its diagnosis ● Laboratory confirmation requires a smear of pus sample from deep within the lesion for microbiology study. Sections of skin and subcutaneous tissue may also be kept in buffered formalin for histology. ■■ 𝙏𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 ● Antibiotics Like ○ Tetracycline antibiotic ○ Sulphonamide and trimethoprim ● NSAIDS also ● Flushing with Iodine is ■■ Prevention and Control ● Control of grazing animals on poor quality forages ● Avoid soil contaminated silage and Weedy hay and straw ● Isolate sick animals and treat in early stage [email protected] @Aman28vet

COCCIDIOSIS Coccidiosis is a deadly disease that hampers chicken's productivity and welfare. Thus, the disease is a major menace to the global poultry industry. Coccidiosis which is caused by the apicomplexan parasite of the genus Eimeria has seven known species which affect the different parts of the intestinal tract of chickens #SIGNS Common signs in infected flocks include *reduced feed consumption, * rapid weight loss, * droopiness * ruffled feathers, * severe diarrhea. * Wet droppings with mucus * Clinical infections are seldom seen in poults >8 wk old. Morbidity and mortality may be high #TREATMENT The most popular treatment for coccidiosis is #Amprolium, which blocks the parasite's ability to uptake and multiply. Treatment is usually administered by adding Amprolium to the chickens' water supply, however in some cases, where sick chickens aren't eating or drinking enough, the medication is given orally. [email protected] @Aman28vet