pharmacy all semester notes and study material previous year qus

Pharmacognosy of KURCHI BARK➡️ ✅ Synonyms - Holarrhenna , Kurchi. ✅ Biological Source - Dried stem bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica. ✅ Family - Apocynaceae . ✅ Chemical Constituents - ✨Contains main steroidal alkaloid i.e. conessine. ✨Other alkaloids are conarrhimine, conimine, conamine, conessimine, isoconessimine, dimethyl conkurchine and holarrhimine. ✅ Uses - The bark is stomachic , astringent, tonic , antidysenteric , febrifuge and anthelmintic . Kurchi bark is used to cure amoebic dysentery and diarrhoea.

✅ Tuberculosis Vaccine - BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin) ✅ Caused by bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis ✅ Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection that most often attacks the lungs, but in infants and young children, affects other organs like the brain. A severe case could cause serious complications or death. ✅ Hepatitis B Vaccine - Engerix-B, Heplisav-B, and Recombivax HB ✅ Disease Caused by Hepatitis B Virus ✅ Hepatitis B is a dangerous liver infection that, when caught as an infant, often shows no symptoms for decades. It can develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer later in life. ✅ Poliomyelitis Vaccine - Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) & Oral polio vaccine (OPV) ✅ Disease Caused by Poliovirus ✅ Polio is a virus that paralyzes 1 in 200 people who get infected. Among those cases, 5 to 10 percent die when their breathing muscles are paralyzed. There is no cure for polio once the paralysis sets in – only treatment to alleviate the symptoms. ✅ Rotavirus Vaccine - Human monovalent live vaccine (ROTARIX), Human Bovine pentavalent live vaccine (ROTATEQ), Rotarix® (RV1) , RotaTeq® (RV5) ✅ Rotaviruses cause severe diarrhoea and vomiting, which can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and shock in young children. This can lead to death if treatment, especially fluid replacement, is not immediately started.

Granulation Techniques (as per IP)➡️ Granulation is the process of converting fine powders into free-flowing, dust-free granules suitable for tableting or capsule filling. 🔍Why Granulation is Needed: ● Improve flow properties of powders ● Enhance compressibility ● Minimize segregation of drug & excipients ● Improve content uniformity ● Reduce dust and health hazards 📝Types of Granulation Techniques: 1. Wet Granulation (Most Common)➡️ Process: 1. Mix drug + excipients 2. Add binder solution (e.g., starch paste, PVP) 3. Wet mass is formed 4. Pass through sieve to form granules 5. Dry the granules 6. Screen/sieve again to uniform size Binders used: Starch paste, gelatin, PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), cellulose derivatives ❌ Disadvantages: ● Time-consuming ● Not suitable for moisture-sensitive drugs 2. Dry Granulation (Slugging or Roller Compaction)➡️ Process: 1. Powder blend is compressed into large tablets ("slugs") or compacted using roller compactor 2. Slugs are milled to get granules 3. Used when drug is sensitive to moisture or heat ✅ Advantages: ● No liquid or heat needed ● Good for moisture/heat-sensitive APIs ❌ Disadvantages: ● More dust generation ● Less uniform granules 3. Direct Compression (Not granulation, but an alternative)➡️ ● Powders are compressed directly into tablets without granulation ● Requires very good flow and compressibility (e.g., using microcrystalline cellulose) 🟡 Used when: ▪︎Drug and excipients have excellent flow ▪︎Process needs to be fast and cost-effective 4. Fluidized Bed Granulation (Advanced wet granulation)➡️ Process: ▪︎ Binder solution is sprayed onto powder bed in a fluidized state ▪︎ Drying happens simultaneously ▪︎ Used in large-scale production ✅ Advantages: ● Faster process ● Efficient drying ● Uniform granules ❌Disadvantages: ● Costly equipment ● Technical expertise needed

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