Upsc Science and technology

🔆Standard Missile 6 (SM-6) ✅It is a multi-mission missile capable of anti air warfare, terminal ballistic missile defense, and anti ship strike roles. ✅It was developed by Raytheon Company, a major U.S. defense contractor, primarily for the United States Navy. ✅The first version of the Standard Missile-6 became operational in December 2014. 📍Features: ✅It is the first missile of its kind, with anti-air, anti-surface, and sea-based terminal defence capabilities. ✅It has a length of 6.6 m and a diameter of 0.5 m. It weighs 1,500 kg and carries a 64 kg blast fragmentation warhead. ✅It is an extended-range active missile (ERAM) that uses the sophisticated signal processing and guidance technologies of the AMRAAM (Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile). ✅The interceptor uses semi-active homing and active homing guidance to achieve accurate engagement of the assigned targets. ✅At its surface-to-air published range, the SM-6 achieves ranges of 240 km, with even higher estimated ranges up to 463 km. #gs3 #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

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🔆White Phosphorus ✅White phosphorus is a pyrophoric that ignites when exposed to oxygen, producing thick, light smoke as well as intense 815-degree Celsius heat. ✅Pyrophoric substances are those which ignite spontaneously or very quickly (under five minutes) when in contact with air. ✅Under the Globally Harmonized System of Classification & Labeling of Chemicals, white phosphorus falls under “Pyrophoric solids, category 1”. ✅This category includes chemicals that catch fire spontaneously when exposed to air. ✅White phosphorus emits a distinct garlic-like odour. 📍Military uses of white phosphorus ✅White phosphorus is dispersed in artillery shells, bombs, and rockets. It can also be delivered via felt (textile) wedges soaked in the chemical. ✅Its primary military use is as a smokescreen — used to hide troop movement on the ground. ✅The smoke acts as a visual obscurant. ✅White phosphorus is also known to mess with infrared optics and weapons tracking systems, thus protecting forces from guided missiles. ✅Munitions can either be ground-burst for more concentrated smoke, or air-burst in order to cover a larger area. ✅White phosphorus can also be used as an incendiary weapon. 📍Harmful effects of white phosphorus ✅Upon exposure, white phosphorus can cause severe burns, often down to the bone. ✅The burns are excruciatingly painful, difficult to heal, and susceptible to infections. ✅Particles of white phosphorus that remain lodged the body can reignite if in contact with air. Inhaling white phosphorus particles or smoke can cause respiratory damage and harm to internal organs. ✅Those who survive initial injuries often experience a lifetime of suffering — with impaired mobility and painful, horrific scars. ✅White phosphorus can also devastate infrastructure and property, damage crops and kill livestock, with raging fires, especially in windy conditions. 📍Use of white phosphorus munitions ✅Irish nationalists in the late 19th century first used white phosphorus munitions, in a formulation that became known as “Fenian fire”. ✅Fenian was an umbrella term for the Irish nationalists. ✅World War I saw extensive use of the chemical by the British and Commonwealth forces in phosphorus grenades, bombs, shells and rockets. ✅These munitions have since been used in conflicts around the world, from the Normandy invasion in World War II to the US invasion of Iraq in 2004 and the long-drawn Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. ✅Most recently, Russia was accused of using white phosphorus bombs during the invasion of Ukraine last year. #gs3 #prelims #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

🔆Blaze Star ✅The upcoming explosion of "Blaze Star" (T Coronae Borealis), a rare celestial event, will be visible to the naked eye for the first time since 1946. This event highlights the dynamic nature of the universe and the complex processes governing stellar evolution. 📍 Blaze Star: ✅It is officially known as T Coronae Borealis (T CrB), is a dim star located 3,000 light-years away from our solar system. ✅It is found in the constellation Corona Borealis (the “Northern Crown”). ✅The Blaze Star is a rare example of a recurrent nova, occurring once in every 80 years. ✅Stellar components: The nova involves a binary star system comprising a white dwarf and a red giant. ✅The white dwarf draws material from the red giant, leading to periodic explosive increases in brightness. ✅The explosion occurs when the red giant’s surface temperature escalates dramatically, causing it to shed material onto the white dwarf, which then ignites a thermonuclear explosion. ✅The upcoming stellar explosion is expected to be visible with the naked eye and shine as brightly as Polaris, the North Star, for about a week. ✅NASA predicts this event to occur sometime between now and September of 2024. ✅Past notable eruptions of T CrB were recorded in the years 1946 and 1866, with earlier documented observations dating back to 1787 and 1217. ✅Frequency and Impact: Novae like T CrB occur once every few decades to a century, differing from supernovae in scale, frequency, and consequences. ✅Unlike supernovae, novae do not destroy the star system but allow it to reset and repeat the cycle. #geography #prelims @upsc_prep_squad

🔆What is PraVaHa Software? ✅The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) recently developed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software named PraVaHa. ✅Parallel RANS Solver for Aerospace Vehicle Aero-thermo-dynamic Analysis (PraVaHa) is a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software developed in ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). ✅It can simulate external and internal flows on launch vehicles, winged and non-winged re-entry vehicles.   ✅PraVaHa has been extensively used in the Gaganyaan program for aerodynamic analysis of human-rated launch vehicles, viz, HLVM3, Crew Escape System (CES), and Crew Module (CM). ✅The software is secure and flexible enough to support collaborative development with academic institutions and government labs. ✅Currently, the PraVaHa code is operational to simulate airflow for Perfect Gas and Real Gas conditions.  ✅Validations of the code are underway for simulating the effects of chemical reactions that occur during air dissociation upon ‘earth re-entry’ and ‘combustion’ as in scramjet vehicles. ✅PraVaHa is expected to replace most of the CFD simulations for aero characterisation, which are currently being carried out using commercial software. #gs3 #science_technology @upsc_science_and_technology

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