𝐂𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐥 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠

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Moisture content and density are two most important properties for woods. The moisture content of tree varies with species, age, size, location and so on. Generally, trees contain water about two times the weight of its solid material. For softwoods, the moisture content in sapwood is significantly higher than that in heartwood. As for hardwoods, the difference could be negligible. When wood went through all process and ready for construction purposes, it usually achieves equilibrium moisture content. At this point, the wood may not gain or loss moisture content to the surrounding air. The specific gravity of wood varies with its condition, notably green, air-dry and oven-dry. Therefore, specific gravity of a wood must be qualified by the moisture content at the time. Freshly cut lumber, which is also known as green wood is heavier than dry wood due to rich content of water. The weight of sapwood is also greater than that of heartwood. After drying however, heartwood would be heavier than sapwood.

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PC Keyboard Shortcuts Creating unique images in a uniform world! Creating unique images in a uniform world! é . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0233 É . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0201 ñ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0241 ÷ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0247 File menu options in the current program Alt + E Edit options in the current program F1 Universal help (for all programs) Ctrl + A Select all text Ctrl + X Cut selected item Shift + Del Cut selected item Ctrl + C Copy selected item Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item Ctrl + V Paste Shift + Ins Paste Home Go to the beginning of the current line Ctrl + Home Go to bethe ginning of the document End Go to end of the current line Ctrl + End Go to end of the document Shift + Home Highlight from the current position to the beginning of the line Shift + End Highlight from the current position to the end of line Ctrl + f Move one word to the left at a time Ctrl + g Move one word to the right at a time MICROSOFT® WINDOWS® SHORTCUT KEYS Alt + Tab Switch between open applications Alt + Shift + Tab Switch backward between open applications Alt + Print Screen Create a screenshot for the current program Ctrl + Alt + Del Reboot/Windows® task manager Ctrl + Esc Bring up the start menu Alt + Esc Switch between applications on the taskbar F2 Rename selected icon F3 Start find from desktop F4 Open the drive selection when browsing F5 Refresh contents Alt + F4 Close current open program Ctrl + F4 Close window in the program Ctrl + Plus Key Automatically adjust widths of all columns in Windows Explorer Alt + Enter Open properties window of selected icon or program Shift + F10 Simulate right-click on selected item Shift + Del Delete programs/files permanently Holding Shift During Bootup Boot safe mode or bypass system files Holding Shift During Bootup When putting in an audio CD, will prevent CD Player from playing WINKEY SHORTCUTS WINKEY + D Bring desktop to the top of other windows WINKEY + M Minimize all windows WINKEY + SHIFT + M Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY + D WINKEY + E Open Microsoft Explorer WINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs on the taskbar WINKEY + F Display the Windows® Search/Find feature WINKEY + CTRL + F Display the search for computers window WINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft® Windows® help WINKEY + R Open the run window WINKEY + Pause /Break Open the system properties window WINKEY + U Open utility manager WINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP® & later) OUTLOOK® SHORTCUT KEYS Alt + S Send the email Ctrl + C Copy selected text Ctrl + X Cut selected text Ctrl + P Open print dialog box Ctrl + K Complete name/email typed in the address bar Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection Ctrl + R Reply to an email Ctrl + F Forward an email Ctrl + N Create a new email Ctrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendar Ctrl + Shift + O Open the outbox Ctrl + Shift + I Open the inbox Ctrl + Shift + K Add a new task Ctrl + Shift + C Create a new contact Ctrl + Shift+ J Create a new journal entry WORD® SHORTCUT KEYS Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection Ctrl + C Copy selected text Ctrl + X Cut selected text Ctrl + N Open new/blank document Ctrl + O Open options Ctrl + P Open the print window Ctrl + F Open find box Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection Ctrl + K Insert link Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection Ctrl + V Paste Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed Ctrl + Z Undo last action Ctrl + G Find and replace options Ctrl + H Find and replace options Ctrl + J Justify paragraph alignment Ctrl + L Align selected text or line to the left Ctrl + Q Align selected paragraph to the left Ctrl + E Align selected

Important Shortcut Keys for Computer CTRL+A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Select All CTRL+C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy CTRL+X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut CTRL+V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paste CTRL+Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undo CTRL+B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bold CTRL+U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underline CTRL+I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italic F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Help F2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rename selected object F3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Find all files F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens file list drop-down in dialogs F5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refresh current window F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shifts focus in Windows Explorer F10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activates menu bar options ALT+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cycles between open applications ALT+F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quit program, close current window ALT+F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch between current program windows ALT+ENTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens properties dialog ALT+SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System menu for the current window ALT+¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . opens drop-down lists in dialog boxes BACKSPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch to the parent folder CTRL+ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens Start menu CTRL+ALT+DEL . . . . . . . . . . Opens task manager, reboots the computer CTRL+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Move through property tabs CTRL+SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . Create shortcut (also right-click, drag) CTRL+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy File ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancel last function SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Press/hold SHIFT, insert CD-ROM to bypass auto-play SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . Move file SHIFT+F10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens context menu (same as right-click) SHIFT+DELETE . . . . . . . . . . . Full wipe delete (bypasses Recycle Bin) ALT+underlined letter . . . . Opens the corresponding menu PC Keyboard Shortcuts Document Cursor Controls HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to the beginning of the line or far left of field or screen END . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to end of line, or far right of field or screen CTRL+HOME . . . . . . . . to the top CTRL+END . . . . . . . . . . to the bottom PAGE UP . . . . . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog box up one page PAGE DOWN . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog down one page ARROW KEYS . . . . . . . move focus in documents, dialogs, etc. CTRL+ > . . . . . . . . . . . . next word CTRL+SHIFT+ > . . . . . . selects a word Windows Explorer Tree Control Numeric Keypad * . . . Expand all under the current selection Numeric Keypad + . . . Expands the current selection Numeric Keypad – . . . Collapses current selection ¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expand current selection or go to first child ‰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collapse current selection or go to parent Special Characters ‘ Opening single quote . . . alt 0145 ’ Closing single quote . . . . alt 0146 “ Opening double quote . . . alt 0147 “ Closing double quote. . . . alt 0148 – En dash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0150 — Em dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0151 … Ellipsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0133 • Bullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0149 ® Registration Mark . . . . . . . alt 0174 © Copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0169 ™ Trademark . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0153 ° Degree symbol. . . . . . . . . alt 0176 ¢ Cent sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0162 1⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0188 1⁄2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0189 3⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0190