زبان‌ورزی

📔 نکاتی چند دربارۀ ترجمه (۱۴۰۳) ✍🏻 حسن هاشمی میناباد: ▪️واژۀ all یعنی «همه چیز» ▪️ترفندی در ترجمۀ صفت‌های مختوم به able– و مشتقات آن ▪️مؤلفه‌های معنایی و معادل‌های کم‌بسامد attempt to 🔗 از: فصلنامه مترجم (شماره ۸۴) #️⃣ #ترجمه #آموزش_ترجمه #مقاله

🍁 Given Injustice: the Case of Derek Bentley ✍🏻 Canning & Walker: Derek Bentley was the last man to be hanged in Britain. His crime – which he didn’t commit and was (much) later pardoned for – was the murder of a police officer. The judge made a great deal about Bentley’s (later disputed) confession, which contained the phrase “I didn’t know he was going to use the gun” (Coulthard 2006). The phrase concerns Bentley’s ‘accomplice’, Chris Craig – the person who actually murdered the officer – and the gun that Craig was carrying and used to shoot the officer. The judge claimed that if Bentley was telling the truth, that he did not know Craig had a gun, then why would he refer to it as ‘the gun’ and not ‘a gun’? The answer, of course, is that once Craig used said gun to shoot the police officer it was completely obvious to all that Craig did indeed have a gun! By using the definite phrase ‘the gun’ (even though it was the first mention in the confession), Bentley appears to be assuming, quite reasonably, that the gun is Given information because by that point, it is known to all concerned with the case. (Canning & Walker, 2024: 53) ▪️What is Given-New information? Haviland and Clark (1974: 513) make the point that the primary purpose of language is to impart information; speakers/writers use language to tell their hearers/ readers something. That ‘something’ is typically information that the hearers/readers did not already know. However, when speakers/writers do impart information, the message will inevitably contain things that the hearers/readers do know. To communicate successfully (i.e. to impart information) speakers/writers must make assumptions about what their hearers/readers do and do not know, and they must choose their language accordingly. Information that the speaker/writer assumes is already known by their addressees is Given information, while information that is assumed not to be known is New (Brown and Yule 1983: 154) (ibid: 49) ▪️Signalling Given-New information The status of information in discourse (i.e. the Givenness or Newness) is signalled by language choices made by the speaker/writer based on their assumptions about the hearer’s/reader’s knowledge. Information can be assumed to be known to their addressee and therefore Given if it has already been mentioned in the discourse or is physically present in the immediate context. Information can be assumed to be not known to their addressee and therefore New if it is not obvious in the context or has not already been introduced. Givenness can be (but not always) signalled by the definite article (‘the’) or pronouns, whereas Newness can be (but not always) signalled by indefinite reference, which usually involves the grammatical articles ‘a’ and ‘an’. (ibid.) 📚 Canning, Patricia & Walker, Brian. (2024). Discourse Analysis: A Practical Introduction. UK: Routledge. #⃣ #تحلیل_گفتمان

🍁 The Art of Persuasive Storytelling “Storytelling is one of the most powerful marketing and leadership tools there is,” says communications expert Kelly D. Parker. She explains how stories make proposals of all kinds more memorable — and shows how you can craft a compelling narrative to connect, persuade and drive meaningful action. ©️ TED Website or YouTube (2024) #️⃣ #روایت #زبان_و_ارتباط

🍁 دنیای رو به زوال ۱۳ گویش ایرانی! در حال حاضر، تعدادی از زبان‌های ایرانی رو به زوال هستند، به این اعتبار که فقط جمعیت بسیار اندکی از پدربزرگ‌ها و مادربزرگ‌ها با آن صحبت می‌کنند، پدر و مادرها می‌فهمند که آنها چه می‌گویند اما فرزندان‌شان نه زبان را می‌فهمند و نه می‌توانند با آن صحبت کنند. ایرنا ۲۴ در گفت‌وگو با بهروز محمودی بختیاری، استاد دانشگاه و عضو انجمن زبان‌شناسی ایران، به بررسی این موضوع پرداخته است. این کارشناس زبان‌شناسی می‌گوید:

اولین کار برای برای حفظ و حراست از زبان‌های در معرض خطر، شناسایی این زبان‌ها و سپس مستندسازی زبان است. مستندسازی زبان یعنی پیکرهٔ بزرگی از مواد زبانی و آوانویسی را جمع‌آوری کنیم و دستور زبان را تولید کنیم. این یک واقعیت اجتناب‌ناپذیر است که زبان‌های کوچک محکوم به فنا هستند.

🔗 گفت‌وگوی کامل را در اینجا ببینید. © از: کانال خبرگزاری ایرنا (۱۴۰۳/۲/۵)

📚 زبان، فرهنگ، جامعه: موضوعات مهم حوزهٔ انسان‌شناسیِ زبان‌شناختی ✍🏻 کریستین جوردن، کوین تیوت ✍🏻 مترجم: اعظم داودی زبان نخستين و مهم‌ترين ابزار تفكر و ادراک است كه در بطن هويت فردىِ ما جاى دارد. زبان‌ها پيوسته در حال تغيير هستند، آنها گاهى به گونهٔ كاملاً جديدى از گفتار تبديل مى‌شوند و منجر به بروز تفاوت‌هاى ظريفى در نحوهٔ معرفىِ هويت ما به ديگران مى‌شوند. در اين تحقيق، دوازده كارشناس زبده در حوزه‌هاى زبان‌شناسى، انسان‌شناسى، فلسفه و روان‌شناسى به اين منظور گرد هم آمده‌اند كه رابطهٔ شگفت‌انگيز بين زبان، فرهنگ و تعامل اجتماعى را آشكار كنند. در اين كتاب طيف گسترده‌اى از سؤالات مهم مورد بحث و توجه قرار گرفته‌اند. براى مثال: زبان چگونه بر درک ما از جهان اثر مى‌گذارد؟ زبان‌هاى جدید چگونه پدید مى‌آیند؟ کودکان چگونه یاد مى‌گیرند که از زبان به شیوهٔ درست و مناسب استفاده کنند؟ عوامل تعیین‌کنندهٔ انتخاب زبان در جوامع دوزبانه و چندزبانه چه هستند؟ زبان تا چه اندازه به شکل‌گیرىِ شخصیت ما کمک مى‌کند؟ و در نهایت، زبان به چه طریق از ما انسان مى‌سازد؟ (جلد پشت کتاب؛ انتشارات فرهامه) #️⃣ #کتاب #زبان‌شناسی #زبان_و_جهان‌بینی

🍁قطع میکروفون نمایندۀ کردتبار پارلمان ترکیه به دلیل تبریک عید ایزدی‌ها به زبان کردی رییس مجلس ترکیه: اگر نمایندگان به‌جز زبان ترکی، که زبان رسمی است، صحبت کنند میکروفون به‌طور خودکار قطع می‌شود. ©️از: کانال عصرایران (۱۴۰۳/۲/۲) #️⃣ #زبان_و_سیاست #زبان_کردی #زبان_ترکی

🍁 The Influence of English Language ✍🏻 Rodney Huddleston et al: Almost certainly, English is now the most important language in the world. This might not have been clear even just fifty years ago, but it cannot reasonably be denied today. English is used for government business in well over sixty countries and territories around the world. By international agreement it is the primary language for all air traffic control and maritime navigation. It’s the uncontroversial choice ofofficial language for almost all international academic conferences, and increasingly the main language ofhigher education globally. The European Union is increasingly using it for conducting business even though the United Kingdom is no longer a member. The widespread use and enormous influence of English is not due to anyone having objectively judged it to be deserving. The unique status of the language is just a side-effect of various mutually reinforcing historical trends. From the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries onward, British exploration, missionary work, imperialism, and colonial policy began to spread English around the world. The whole North American continent ultimately adopted English as its dominant language (despite important early rivals like Spanish, French, and German). India’s huge multilingual population recognized English as a subsidiary official language (alongside Hindi) for government business after independence. The twentieth century, especially after the outcomes of the first and second world wars, saw an extraordinary growth in the economic power of the USA and the British Commonwealth. The growing importance of scientific research further strengthened the standing of English; it emerged as the language in which the majority of scientists publish their results. The economic importance of university education accentuated this effect: many universities in non-English-speaking countries allow or even require PhD dissertations to be submitted in English. And a hugely important additional factor was the global success of English-language broadcasting, publishing, songwriting, and above all film production: in Hollywood, the only place on earth where film-making budgets routinely run into the hundreds of millions of dollars, almost every film script is in English. It may not be a good thing for a single language to come so close to predominating all over the planet, but it seems to be happening. (Huddleston et al, 2022: 1; emphasis added) 📚 Huddleston, Rodney & Pullum, Geoffrey K. & Reynolds, Brett. (2022). A Student's Introduction to English Grammar. 2nd edition. UK: Cambridge. 🔗 Also see: Where did English come from? #⃣ #زبان_انگلیسی

✍🏻 Michael McCarthy:

More than 50 countries have English as one of their offcial languages. They include countries as widely geographically dispersed as Bangladesh, Myanmar, sudan, sierra Leone, Cyprus, Malta, The Bahamas, Vanuatu, Barbados, Namibia, and Qatar. Not everyone in those countries can speak English fuently, and not everyone uses English on a daily basis, but English is very visible in public life and in the media. Most of the countries have English as a result of their history as part of the British Empire. These different varieties of English have developed their own vocabularies alongside the original colonizing variety of English. (McCarthy, 2023: 4)

📚 McCarthy, Michael. (2023). English Vocabulary: the Basics. UK: Routledge. 🔗 Also see: Where did English come from? #⃣ #زبان_انگلیسی

🍁 خاستگاه زبان انگلیسی کجاست؟ ©️ از: ویدوآل (۱۳۹۵/۱۰/۲۱) | منبع اصلی ویدیو (۲۰۱۵) #️⃣ #زبان_انگلیسی

براساس سندی که در اختیار آماج‌نیوز قرار گرفته، وزارت تحصیلات عالی طالبان ترجمهٔ اثرها جهت «ترفیع علمی» به زبان‌های تُرکی و اوزبیکی را ممنوع اعلام کرده است. این وزارت در مکتوبی از دیپارتمنت‌های زبان و ادبیات اوزبیکی و تُرکی دانشگاه‌ها، به‌ویژه شمال افغانستان، خواسته تا جهت «ترفیع عملی» از «پوهنملی» به «پوهندویی» اثرهای علمیِ خارجی را به زبان‌های رسمیِ پشتو و فارسی ترجمه کنند. پیش از این استادان زبان و ادبیات اوزبیکی و تُرکی جهت ترفیع علمی اثرهای علمیِ خارجی را به اوزبیکی #ترجمه می‌کردند. با حاکمیت طالبان فارسی‌ستیزی اوج گرفته و این گروه همهٔ مکتوب‌های ادارات را به پشتو تغییر داده و از سوی دیگر اثرها و مفاخر فرهنگیِ فارسی را از بین برده‌اند. اما این نخستین‌بار است که طالبان به گونهٔ واضح در ولایت‌های شمالی، که اوزبیک‌‌نشین‌اند، مانع زبان تُرکی و اوزبیکی می‌شوند. (از: آماج‌نیوز؛ ۱۴۰۳/۲/۳)