basic nursing knowledge

*EXAM EDGE POINTS* ⚠️⚠️ABDOMINAL TRAUMA ⚠️⚠️ 🔖MC injured organ in blunt trauma abdomen : Spleen > liver 🔖MC injured organ in penetrating trauma abdomen : liver > Stomach > Small intestine 🔖 MC injured organin gunshot wound : Small intestine 🔖MC injured bowel in blunt trauma abdomen : jejunum 🔖MC injured structure in seat belt injury : Mesentery 🔖MC injured site in deceleration injury : Duodenojejunal Junction

Cardiac Biomarkers Explained🧪 🫀Troponin: Protein released into the bloodstream when the heart muscle is damaged *BEST* indicator of an acute MI 🧪Expected range: Troponin I < 0.03 ng/mL; Troponin T < 0.1 ng/mL 🫀Myoglobin: Found in cardiac & skeletal muscle; NOT a specific indicator of an acute MI, but a negative (-) finding is good for ruling out an acute MI 🧪Expected range: 5–70 ng/mL 🫀Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB): An enzyme released into the bloodstream when the heart, muscles, or brain is damaged; Cardiac-specific isoenzyme BUT less reliable than troponin 🧪Expected range: 0–5 ng/mLhttps://t.me/basicnursingknowledge

Neural Tube Defects Made Easy 🦴Spina Bifida Occulta Patho: Vertebral splits are too small to allow protrusion S&S: typically asymptomatic, skin at site may appear normal or have hair or dimpling 💡Spina bifida occulta may See Sparse hairs 🦴Meningocele Patho: Meninges are forced into vertebral gaps S&S: Limited symptoms - no damage to nerve tissue, sac protrudes from spinal area, sac is enclosed; no protrusion 💡Many Meninges May appear in gaps 🦴Myelomeningocele Patho: A sac forms over the meningeal membranes that cover the spinal cord enclosing the spinal elements and nerves S&S: Spinal cord protrudes through unfused portion of the spinal column 💡Myelomeningocele is Most severe and May need Multiple surgeries https://t.me/basicnursingknowledge

- Chest Tube Indications - 💦Pleural Effusion: Lung collapse due to a collection of FLUID in the pleural space 💨Pneumothorax: Lung collapse due to a collection of AIR in the pleural space 🩸Hemothorax: Lung collapse due to a collection of BLOOD in the pleural space 💨Tension Pneumothorax: Medical emergency⚠️ Buildup of AIR is trapped in the pleural space → leads to pressure build-up → compresses the lungs & reduces blood flow to the heart 🩸Tension Hemothorax: Medical emergency⚠️ Buildup of BLOOD is trapped in the pleural space → leads to pressure build-up → compresses the lungs & reduces blood flow to the heart https://t.me/basicnursingknowledge

Hemostasis Definition: Hemostasis is the process that arrests blood loss and prevents further bleeding following blood vessel injury. It involves a series of physiological mechanisms to form a blood clot. Steps in Hemostasis 1. Vasoconstriction: - Initial response to vessel injury. - Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow to the affected area. 2. Platelet Aggregation: - Platelets adhere to the damaged blood vessel walls. - Platelets clump together to form a platelet plug at the site of injury. 3. Blood Coagulation (Clotting): - Blood transforms into a gel as soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin, forming a fibrin clot. - Coagulation involves two mechanisms: - a. Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: - Triggered when blood contacts damaged tissue. - b. Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: - Triggered by platelet factors (e.g., thromboplastin) released from platelets aggregated at the injury site. - c. Role of the Liver and Vitamin K: - Liver synthesizes prothrombin, fibrinogen, and other clotting factors. - Vitamin K is essential for the production of prothrombin. - d. Clot Formation: - Prothrombin is converted to thrombin in the presence of calcium (a catalyst). - Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble protein) into fibrin (insoluble protein). - Fibrin forms a tangled meshwork of threads that traps blood cells, leading to clot formation. 4. Clot Destruction (Fibrinolysis): - Once new endothelial cells repair the vessel, the clot is broken down. - Plasmin, derived from plasminogen, dissolves the fibrin clot. Key Points - Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the injury. - Platelet aggregation forms a temporary plug. - Coagulation results in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, stabilizing the clot. - Vitamin K and calcium are essential for prothrombin activation and clot formation. - Fibrinolysis dissolves the clot as healing occurs.

Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, which also includes viruses like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). hMPV was first identified in 2001, and it primarily causes respiratory infections. It is a common cause of illnesses similar to the common cold, as well as more serious respiratory conditions like bronchiolitis and pneumonia, especially in vulnerable populations such as: 1. Infants and young children 2. Elderly individuals 3. People with weakened immune systems Symptoms of hMPV Infection: Cough Fever Runny nose Shortness of breath or wheezing Sore throat Fatigue hMPV can spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face. Treatment and Prevention: Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for hMPV. Treatment usually focuses on relieving symptoms, such as using fever reducers, staying hydrated, and managing breathing difficulties with oxygen or nebulized treatments when necessary. Preventive measures are similar to those for other respiratory viruses, including: Washing hands frequently Avoiding close contact with infected individuals Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing Most people recover from an hMPV infection within one to two weeks, but those with compromised immune systems, or the very young and elderly, may require more intensive care. Let me know if you'd like more details about its impact or specific treatment approaches!

🚨 Blinkit Launched Ambulance in 10 Minutes Each Blinkit Ambulance To Have 🚑 • Life-Saving Equipment • Oxygen Cylinders • Stretcher • Monitor • Suction Machine • Emergency Medicines and Injections • Paramedic and Assistant This is Such an Excellent Launch by Blinkit. 👍❤️

1. Clavicle - supports the shoulder and allows for movement of the arms 2. Scapula - provides attachment for muscles and supports the shoulder joint 3. Humerus - supports the upper arm and allows for movement of the elbow and shoulder 4. Radius - supports the forearm and allows for rotation of the wrist and hand 5. Ulna - supports the forearm and allows for movement of the elbow and wrist 6. Carpals - support the wrist and allow for movement of the hand 7. Metacarpals - support the palm of the hand and allow for movement of the fingers 8. Phalanges - support the fingers and allow for grasping and manipulation 9. Pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis) - supports the trunk and provides attachment for muscles 10. Femur - supports the thigh and allows for movement of the hip and knee 11. Patella - protects the knee joint and allows for extension of the leg 12. Tibia - supports the shin and allows for movement of the ankle and knee 13. Fibula - supports the lower leg and provides attachment for muscles 14. Tarsals - support the ankle and allow for movement of the foot 15. Metatarsals - support the arch of the foot and allow for movement of the toes 16. Phalanges - support the toes and allow for balance and propulsion during walking or running

✅ Hormones and their Functions 1. Growth hormone (GH) Or somatotropic hormone (STH) Function ~ stimulates growth by stimulating protein synthesis. 2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Function ~ stimulates thyroid secretion. 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Function ~ stimulates the production of of steroids by adrenal cortex. 4. Gonadotropic hormones (i) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Function ~ stimulates gamate, production, secration of sex hormones, development of follicles. (ii) interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) or luteinising  hormone (LH) Function ~ stimulates the leydig cells of testis and induces secretion of testosterone. stimulates development of Corpus luteum and ovulation in female. 5. Luteotropic hormone (LTH) or prolactin Function ~ stimulates the growth of mammary glands, lactation and maintenance of Corpus luteum. 6. Melanocyte stimulating hormone Function ~ controls dispersal of melanophores , in man it is doubtful. 7. Oxytocin Function ~ stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands ; causes contraction of uterus at the time of child birth. 8. Antidiuretic hormone or ADH (vasopressin) Function ~ stimulates the nephrons for reabsorption of water. Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles, blood vessels and causes rise in blood pressure. 9. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) Function ~ control metabolism , regulate body temperature by calorigenic action. 10. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) Function ~ controls calcium (Ca++) level in blood, Check osteoporosis. 11. Parathormone Function ~ maintains proper level of calcium and phosphorus by regulating renal action , thus , controlling calcium and phosphate amount in bones. 12. Insulin (from β cells) Function ~ stimulates metabolism of carbohydrates. Influences the storage and utilization of sugar , inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis stimulates glycogenesis. 13. Glucagon (from α cell) Function ~ influences the enzymatic action of phosphorylase , controlling glycogenolysis in tha liver and muscles ; increases the amount of sugar in blood. Antagonistic to insulin, inhibits glycogenesis. 14. Somatostatin(ss) Function ~ suppresses the release of hormones from the pancrease and digestive track. 15. Pancreatic polypeptide Function ~ inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancrease. 16. Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Function ~ Regulates heart beat , blood pressure , sympathetic nervous system , contraction of involuntary muscles of lung , eyes , gut etc. , Production of blood , flow of saliva and sweat under emotional state. 17. Adrenocorticoids Function ~ regulate water and electrolyte balance, regulate fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism; stimulate development of male and female secondary sexual characters. 18. Testosterone (leydig's cells) Function ~ affects the normal development and functions of secondary sexual organs and characters in male. ~ stimulate formation of sperms. 19. Estrogen (graafian follicles) Function ~ Affects development and maintenance of secondary sexual characters in female. ~ stimulate maturation of ova. 20. Progesterone (Ovary and Corpus luteum ) Function ~ stimulates uterus for pregnancy, implantation and formation of placenta, also stimulates mammary glands. 21. Relaxin ( Corpus luteum ) Function ~ relaxes ligaments of pelvic girdle at the time of birth. 22. Human chorionic gonadotropin or  HCG (placenta) Function ~ pravints disintegration of the Corpus luteum and maintains progesterone  production. 23. Serotonin Function ~ Helps in vasoconstriction of blood vessels. 24. Melatonin Function ~ Reduces quantity of FSH and LH, Acts as anti gonadotropic hormone. 25. Thymosin Function ~ regulates growth, stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes and also hastens sexual maturity.

Heart The heart is a powerful and essential organ that plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall function. As the center of the circulatory system, it is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing waste products. The heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers that work together in a coordinated fashion to ensure the smooth and efficient flow of blood. Without the heart, the body would not be able to function properly, making it one of the most vital organs in the human body. Understanding the importance of the heart and taking care of its health is essential for overall well-being. The heart is classified as a muscular organ and is part of the cardiovascular system. It is specifically categorized as a hollow, cone-shaped muscle that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. The heart is also considered an involuntary muscle, meaning it works automatically without conscious effort. Additionally, the heart is classified as a vital organ, as its function is essential for sustaining life. It is also classified as a complex organ due to its intricate structure and the coordination of its four chambers and various valves. Overall, the heart is a critical and multifaceted organ that plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall function.

*🔖 TYPES OF CANCER 🔖* *💠 Carcinoma is a cancer that starts in the ectoderm or endoderm of epithelial cells of skin or the tissues that line other organs.* *💠 Sarcoma is a cancer of connective tissues such as bones, muscles, cartilage, and blood vessels.* *💠 Leukemia is a cancer of bone marrow, which creates blood cells.* *💠 Lymphoma is a cancer of the immune system that starts in the lymph glands or cells of the lymphatic system* *💠 Myeloma is a cancer of the immune system that starts in plasma cells ( WBC)* *💠 Melanoma is a cancer of skin that develops when melanocytes (the cells that give the skin its tan or brown color) start to grow out of control.* *💠 Germinoma is a cancer derived from germ cell which are commonly found in the brain of young ages.*

Hemostasis Definition: Hemostasis is the process that arrests blood loss and prevents further bleeding following blood vessel injury. It involves a series of physiological mechanisms to form a blood clot. Steps in Hemostasis 1. Vasoconstriction: - Initial response to vessel injury. - Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow to the affected area. 2. Platelet Aggregation: - Platelets adhere to the damaged blood vessel walls. - Platelets clump together to form a platelet plug at the site of injury. 3. Blood Coagulation (Clotting): - Blood transforms into a gel as soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin, forming a fibrin clot. - Coagulation involves two mechanisms: - a. Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: - Triggered when blood contacts damaged tissue. - b. Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: - Triggered by platelet factors (e.g., thromboplastin) released from platelets aggregated at the injury site. - c. Role of the Liver and Vitamin K: - Liver synthesizes prothrombin, fibrinogen, and other clotting factors. - Vitamin K is essential for the production of prothrombin. - d. Clot Formation: - Prothrombin is converted to thrombin in the presence of calcium (a catalyst). - Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble protein) into fibrin (insoluble protein). - Fibrin forms a tangled meshwork of threads that traps blood cells, leading to clot formation. 4. Clot Destruction (Fibrinolysis): - Once new endothelial cells repair the vessel, the clot is broken down. - Plasmin, derived from plasminogen, dissolves the fibrin clot. Key Points - Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the injury. - Platelet aggregation forms a temporary plug. - Coagulation results in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, stabilizing the clot. - Vitamin K and calcium are essential for prothrombin activation and clot formation. - Fibrinolysis dissolves the clot as healing occurs.