basic nursing knowledge

list of some common antidotes and their corresponding toxins: Naloxone: Opioids (e.g., heroin, morphine) Flumazenil: Benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium, Xanax) Atropine: Organophosphate insecticides, nerve agents Acetylcysteine: Acetaminophen Digoxin Immune Fab: Digoxin Dimercaprol: Arsenic, lead, mercury Deferoxamine: Iron Protamine: Heparin Vitamin K: Warfarin Sodium Bicarbonate: Tricyclic antidepressants, sodium channel blockers Calcium Gluconate: Calcium channel blockers, hydrofluoric acid Methylene Blue: Methemoglobinemia Physostigmine: Anticholinergic toxicity Pralidoxime: Organophosphate poisoning Cyanide Antidote Kit: Cyanide

list of some common antidotes and their corresponding toxins: Naloxone: Opioids (e.g., heroin, morphine) Flumazenil: Benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium, Xanax) Atropine: Organophosphate insecticides, nerve agents Acetylcysteine: Acetaminophen Digoxin Immune Fab: Digoxin Dimercaprol: Arsenic, lead, mercury Deferoxamine: Iron Protamine: Heparin Vitamin K: Warfarin Sodium Bicarbonate: Tricyclic antidepressants, sodium channel blockers Calcium Gluconate: Calcium channel blockers, hydrofluoric acid Methylene Blue: Methemoglobinemia Physostigmine: Anticholinergic toxicity Pralidoxime: Organophosphate poisoning Cyanide Antidote Kit: Cyanide

The anatomical divisions of the respiratory system can be classified into two main parts: 1. Upper Respiratory Tract This part is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying the air before it reaches the lungs. Nose & Nasal Cavity: The primary entryway for air. Lined with hair and mucus to trap dust and microbes. Warms and humidifies incoming air. Pharynx (Throat): A muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx. Divided into three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Larynx (Voice Box): Houses the vocal cords, responsible for sound production. Contains the epiglottis, which prevents food from entering the airways. 2. Lower Respiratory Tract This part is involved in the conduction of air and gas exchange. Trachea (Windpipe): A tube reinforced with C-shaped cartilage rings to prevent collapse. Divides into the right and left bronchi at the lower end. Bronchi & Bronchioles: The bronchi further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles. Bronchioles lead air into the lung tissue. Contain smooth muscles that regulate airflow. Lungs: The main respiratory organs. Consist of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. Alveoli: Tiny sac-like structures surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide is exhaled. Function of the Respiratory System Ventilation: Movement of air in and out of the lungs. Gas Exchange: Oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide is removed. Protection: Mucus and cilia trap harmful particles and microbes. Sound Production: The larynx allows us to produce sound. Regulation of pH: Helps maintain acid-base balance in the body.

*Myocardial Infraction* 💫 *Definition* MI is defined as a diseased condition which is caused by reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries due to *ATHEROSCLEROSIS* . MI is the irreversible damage to the myocardial tissue due to prolonged ischaemia and hypoxia.                ❤❤❤❤❤ 💫 *Types of infarcts* 1_According to anatomic region of the left ventricle involved: 👌Anterior 👌Posterior 👌Lateral 👌Septal 👌Circumferential 👌Combinations (anterolateral,posterolateral,anteroseptal) 2_According to degree of thickness of ventricular wall involved: 🤞transmural(full thickness) 🤞laminar(subendocardial) 3_According to degree of thickness of ventricular wall involved.                  ❤❤❤❤❤ 💫 *Ethiopathogenesis* : 😎Mechanism of myocardial ischaemia 😳Role of platelets 🤯Acute plaque rupture 🤕Non atherosclerotic causes 🙃Transmural versus subendocardial infarcts             ❤❤❤❤❤ 💫 *Pathophysiology* Atherosclerosis ⬇️ Obstruction ⬇️ Ischaemia⬅️arterial spasm ⬇️ Hypoxia ⬇️ Reduced O2 demand➡️angina ⬇️ Thrombolysis➡️unstable angina ⬇️ Permanent thrombus ⬇️ Necrosis➡️myocardial infarction                 ❤❤❤❤❤ 💫 *Clinical manifestations* : 😩Chest pain/discomfort 😲Dyspnea 😵Fatigue Other symptoms include..         🥵Increased sweating         😑Weakness         🤢Nausea         🤮Vomiting         🥴Light headedness         💓Palpitation 😖Anxiety 😳Sleeplessness 😱Hypertension or hypotension 🤪Arrythmia 🙌CHEST PAIN IS LESS IN WOMEN,THEIR COMMON SYMPTOMS ARE WEAKNESS,FATIGUE AND DYSPNEA.            ❤❤❤❤❤ 💫 *Complications* : 🍇Arrythmia 🌶Cardiogenic shock 🍆Congestive heart failure 🥑Thromboembolism 🍌Rupture 5% 🥐Cardiac aneurism 5% 🌽Pericarditis               ❤❤❤❤❤ 💫 *Diagnosis* 1_clinical features ⭐Pain ⭐Indigestion ⭐Apprehension ⭐Shock ⭐Low grade fever 2_serum cardiac markers 🌛Creatinine phosphokinase 🌛Lactic dehydrogenase 🌛Cardiac specific troponins 3_ECG changes 🌥ST segment elevation 🌥T wave inversion 🌥Appearance of wide deep Q waves 🙌Other tests: MRI Angiography PET scan Chest xray                ❤❤❤❤❤ 💫 *Management* NONPHARMACOLOGICAL:      👩‍⚕️Counselling and education of   patients.      🚴‍♀️Life style measures      🚭Smoking cessation      🍾Avoid alcohol intake      🍽Diet and nutrition      🧂Salt restriction PHARMACOLOGICAL:     💊Thrombolytic agents     💊Anticoagulants     💊Antiplatelets     💊Antihypertensive agents     💊Lipid lowering drugs     💊Vasodilators Others       ● Analgesics       ●Antiulcer drugs       ●Antidepressants                  ❤❤❤❤❤ ⚡ *TREATMENT ALGORITHM FOR MI* ⚡ Myocardial infarction                PREHOSPITAL OR ON ARRIVA                  ⬇️ GTN spray,oxygen,pain relief,addmission to hospital,aspirin,thrombolytics,                 ⬇️ DURING HOSPITAL ADDMISSION                 ⬇️ add: beta blocker,ace inhibitor,insulin                 ⬇️ consider:revascularization(angioplasty,stenting,arterial bypass)                 ⬇️ LONG TERM                 ⬇️ rehabilitation classes: aspirin,beta blocker, acei,statins.

*Myocardial Infraction * 💫 *Definition* MI is defined as a diseased condition which is caused by reduced blood flow in the coronary arteries due to *ATHEROSCLEROSIS* . MI is the irreversible damage to the myocardial tissue due to prolonged ischaemia and hypoxia. 💫 *Types of infarcts* 1_According to anatomic region of the left ventricle involved: 👌Anterior 👌Posterior 👌Lateral 👌Septal 👌Circumferential 👌Combinations (anterolateral,posterolateral,anteroseptal) 2_According to degree of thickness of ventricular wall involved: 🤞transmural(full thickness) 🤞laminar(subendocardial) 3_According to degree of thickness of ventricular wall involved. 💫 *Ethiopathogenesis* : 😎Mechanism of myocardial ischaemia 😳Role of platelets 🤯Acute plaque rupture 🤕Non atherosclerotic causes 🙃Transmural versus subendocardial infarcts 💫 *Pathophysiology* Atherosclerosis ⬇️ Obstruction ⬇️ Ischaemia⬅️arterial spasm ⬇️ Hypoxia ⬇️ Reduced O2 demand➡️angina ⬇️ Thrombolysis➡️unstable angina ⬇️ Permanent thrombus ⬇️ Necrosis➡️myocardial infarction 💫 *Clinical manifestations* : 😩Chest pain/discomfort 😲Dyspnea 😵Fatigue Other symptoms include..         🥵Increased sweating         😑Weakness         🤢Nausea         🤮Vomiting         🥴Light headedness         💓Palpitation 😖Anxiety 😳Sleeplessness 😱Hypertension or hypotension 🤪Arrythmia 🙌CHEST PAIN IS LESS IN WOMEN,THEIR COMMON SYMPTOMS ARE WEAKNESS,FATIGUE AND DYSPNEA. 💫 *Complications* : 🍇Arrythmia 🌶Cardiogenic shock 🍆Congestive heart failure 🥑Thromboembolism 🍌Rupture 5% 🥐Cardiac aneurism 5% 🌽Pericarditis 💫 *Diagnosis* 1_clinical features ⭐Pain ⭐Indigestion ⭐Apprehension ⭐Shock ⭐Low grade fever 2_serum cardiac markers 🌛Creatinine phosphokinase 🌛Lactic dehydrogenase 🌛Cardiac specific troponins 3_ECG changes 🌥ST segment elevation 🌥T wave inversion 🌥Appearance of wide deep Q waves 🙌Other tests: MRI Angiography PET scan Chest xray 💫 *Management* NONPHARMACOLOGICAL:      👩‍⚕️Counselling and education of   patients.      🚴‍♀️Life style measures      🚭Smoking cessation      🍾Avoid alcohol intake      🍽Diet and nutrition      🧂Salt restriction PHARMACOLOGICAL:     💊Thrombolytic agents     💊Anticoagulants     💊Antiplatelets     💊Antihypertensive agents     💊Lipid lowering drugs     💊Vasodilators Others       ● Analgesics       ●Antiulcer drugs       ●Antidepressants *TREATMENT ALGORITHM FOR MI* Myocardial infarction                PREHOSPITAL OR ON ARRIVA                  ⬇️ GTN spray,oxygen,pain relief,addmission to hospital,aspirin,thrombolytics,                 ⬇️ DURING HOSPITAL ADDMISSION                 ⬇️ add: beta blocker,ace inhibitor,insulin                 ⬇️ consider:revascularization(angioplasty,stenting,arterial bypass)                 ⬇️ LONG TERM                 ⬇️ rehabilitation classes: aspirin,beta blocker, acei,statins.

✨ *Chest X-ray findings in heart failure* : ABCDE • *Alveolar* edema (perihilar/bat-wing opacification) • *Kerley B lines* (interstitial oedema) • *Cardiomegaly* (cardiothoracic ratio >50%) – may be difficult to assess on an AP film • *Dilated* upper lobe vessels • *Effusions* (i.e. pleural effusions – blunted costophrenic angles with meniscus sign) *✨Trauma :*- *AT MIST* *• Age* *• Time* *• Mechanism of injury* *• Injuries sustained* *• Symptoms and signs* *• Treatments given* ✨ *ECG lead placement:* “Ride Your Green Bike” Placement of limb leads, starting clockwise from the right wrist: • *Red* • *Yellow* • *Green* • *Blue* ✨General inspection from the end of the bed: *ABC* • *Appearance* (colour, pain, breathlessness etc) • *Behaviour* (calm, agitated etc) • *Connections* (oxygen, catheters, cannulas, surgical drains etc) ✨ *Neurological examination structure:* “Is The Physician Really So Cool?” • *Inspection* • *Tone* • *Power* • *Reflexes* • *Sensation* • *Co-ordination* *✨Cerebellar signs* : *DANISH* • *Dysdiadochokinesia & Dysmetria* • *Ataxia* • *Nystagmus* • *Intention tremor* • *Slurred speech* • *Hypotonia* *✨Assessing a cardiac murmur: SCRIPT* • *Site* • *Character* • *Radiation* • *Intensity* • *Pitch and quality* • *Timing* (in the cardiac cycle, systolic or diastolic?) https://t.me/basicnursingknowledge

• Weight of Brain (adult) & (child): 1300-1400 gm & 350-400 gm • Weight of Heart: 200-300 gm • Brain in weight of humanbody: 2% • Normal Heart Beat: 72 per min • Breathing Rate: 12-16/min • Normal B.P: 120/80 mm/Hg • Blood clotting time: 3-5 min

Burn is a term used to describe the injury caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation. Burns can be classified into three phases: the acute phase, the intermediate phase, and the rehabilitative phase. The acute phase is the initial stage of a burn injury and lasts for the first 72 hours. During this phase, the priority is to stabilize the patient's condition and prevent further damage. The patient may experience shock, pain, swelling, and fluid loss during this phase. Treatment includes wound cleaning, pain management, and fluid replacement therapy. The intermediate phase begins after the first 72 hours and lasts until the wound is healed. During this phase, the focus is on wound care and preventing infection. The wound is cleaned regularly, and dressings are changed to promote healing. The patient may also undergo physical therapy to maintain range of motion and prevent scarring. The rehabilitative phase begins once the wound has healed. The focus is on restoring function and improving quality of life. This may include scar management, cosmetic procedures, and psychological support. It is important to note that the severity of a burn injury can vary widely, and treatment will depend on the extent and depth of the burn. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue and promote healing. Burn injuries can have long-term physical and emotional effects, so ongoing support and care may be needed even after the wound has healed.

Important👇 key points for Cho 1:Anti Histamine = Use in Allergy 2:Analgesic = Pain Killer 3:Anti Pyretic = Fever 4:Anti Septic = Pus 5:Anti Biotic = Infection 6:Anti Anaemia = Low blood 7: Anti Emetic = Vomting 8:Anti Acid = Stomach Burn 9:Anti Flantulents = Gases 10:Anti Spasmodic = Abdominal pain 11:Anti Anginal = Cardiac pain 12:Anti Arhthnic = Cardiac Activity 13:Ant Hypertensive = BP 14:Anti Lipemic = Chlosterol+Lipids 15:Anti Coagulant = Norrowing of Blood 16:Anti Depressant = Depression 17:HYPONOTIC = For Sleep 18:Anti Psychotic = For Psychosis 19:Anti Anxiety = For Anxiety 20:Anti Parkinson = For Parkinson's 21:Anti Stroke = For Stroke 22:Anti Viral = Against Virus 23:Anti T.B = Against T.B 24:Anti Fungal = Against Fungus 25:Anti Bacterials = Against Bacteria 26:Anti Malaria = Against Malaria 27:Anti Inflamatory = Against Swelling. 28: Bronchodilators = For Respiration 29:Haemostatics = Collecting of Blood

The stomach is a muscular organ of the digestive system responsible for mechanical and chemical digestion. Here's a detailed description: --- Parts of the Stomach The stomach is divided into four main parts: 1. Cardia Located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach. Contains the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which prevents acid reflux. 2. Fundus The dome-shaped upper part, located above the cardia. Often contains swallowed air. 3. Body The largest section of the stomach. Main site for storage and mixing of food with gastric secretions. 4. Pylorus Distal portion of the stomach. Subdivided into: Pyloric antrum (connects to the body). Pyloric canal (leads to the pyloric sphincter, which controls passage into the duodenum). --- Features of the Stomach 1. Curvatures: Lesser curvature: Forms the concave right border of the stomach. Greater curvature: Forms the convex left border. 2. Rugae: Folds in the gastric mucosa, allowing expansion as the stomach fills. 3. Sphincters: Lower esophageal sphincter (LES): Regulates entry of food. Pyloric sphincter: Controls gastric emptying into the duodenum. 4. Layers: Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, and Serosa. --- Blood Supply of the Stomach The stomach receives arterial blood from branches of the celiac trunk: 1. Left gastric artery (from the celiac trunk): Supplies the lesser curvature. 2. Right gastric artery (from the hepatic artery): Supplies the lesser curvature. 3. Right gastroepiploic artery (from the gastroduodenal artery): Supplies the greater curvature. 4. Left gastroepiploic artery (from the splenic artery): Supplies the greater curvature. 5. Short gastric arteries (from the splenic artery): Supply the fundus. Venous Drainage: 1. Veins accompany arteries and drain into the portal vein. Lymphatic Drainage: Lymph drains into the gastric lymph nodes and then to the celiac nodes. --- Histology of the Stomach The stomach wall has four layers: 1. Mucosa: Epithelium: Simple columnar epithelium. Gastric pits: Contain specialized glands with: Mucous cells: Secrete mucus to protect the lining. Parietal cells: Produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. Chief cells: Secrete pepsinogen (precursor of pepsin). Enteroendocrine cells: Release hormones like gastrin. 2. Submucosa: Composed of dense connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. 3. Muscularis externa: Three layers of smooth muscle: Inner oblique Middle circular Outer longitudinal Responsible for churning and mixing food. 4. Serosa: Outer covering made of simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue (part of the visceral peritoneum). --- The stomach plays a central role in digestion by producing gastric juices and mechanically processing food into chyme for further digestion in the small intestine. https://t.me/basicnursingknowledge