ASHCHARYA BANSAL

✅ Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) ⭐️ Background & Formation 1996: Formation of the Shanghai Five (China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) to resolve border disputes and build trust. 2001: Uzbekistan joined → renamed as SCO. 2017: India and Pakistan became full members. 2023: Iran admitted as a member; Belarus expected next. ⭐️ Key Facts •Headquarters: Beijing, China. •Official Languages: Chinese & Russian. •Permanent Bodies: •SCO Secretariat – Beijing. •RATS (Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure) – Tashkent, Uzbekistan. •Meetings: •Heads of State Council (HSC): Supreme decision-making body. •Heads of Government Council (HGC): Focus on trade & economic cooperation. •Council of Foreign Ministers: Coordinates foreign policy. ⭐️ Membership ✅ Full Members (9): China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan, Iran. ✅ Observers: Afghanistan, Belarus, Mongolia. Dialogue Partners: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Maldives, Myanmar etc. ⭐️ Objectives 1.Strengthening mutual trust & neighborliness. 2.Promoting regional peace & stability. 3.Coordinating action against terrorism, separatism, extremism, drug trafficking, cross-border crimes. 4.Enhancing economic cooperation, trade, transport, connectivity, culture & education. 5.Establishing a fair multipolar world order free from dominance of any single power. ✅ Areas of Cooperation •Security: Joint anti-terror exercises, intelligence sharing via RATS. •Economy: Cooperation in energy, trade, infrastructure, and banking (idea of SCO Development Bank & Fund). •Connectivity: Support for rail, road, and energy corridors (China promotes BRI; India resists CPEC). •Culture: Annual SCO Arts, Film, and Cultural Festivals. •Science & Education: Scholarships, research networks, youth exchange. ✅ Importance of SCO •Covers ~60% of Eurasia’s landmass, 40% of global population, and 30% of world GDP. •Acts as a counterweight to NATO & Western influence. •Helps Central Asian states balance ties with China, Russia, India, and the West. •Platform for India to engage with Central Asia, Russia, and China together. •Forum for discussing Afghanistan crisis post-Taliban takeover. ⭐️ Challenges & Limitations •Internal Rivalries: •India–Pakistan disputes (Kashmir, terrorism). •India–China tensions (border issues, BRI/CPEC). •China’s dominance: Heavy reliance on its economic & security leadership. •Different priorities: •Russia focuses on security & multipolarity. •China pushes economic/BRI agenda. •Central Asian states prefer balancing great powers. •Lack of institutional depth: Unlike EU or ASEAN, SCO has no strong enforcement mechanism. ✅ India & SCO •Joined: 2017 (with Pakistan). •Strategic Value for India: •Access to Central Asia’s energy resources. •Forum to discuss terrorism & Afghanistan. •Balancing China’s influence in Eurasia. •Opportunity for connectivity projects like International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and Chabahar Port (Iran). •Challenges for India: •Opposition to BRI → limits economic cooperation. •China–Pakistan alignment weakens India’s influence. •No land access to Central Asia because of Pakistan.

📌 *Vitamins and their chemical names* 🛡Vitamin-A Chemical Name: Retinol Deficiency disease: Night blindness Sources: 🥕Carrot,🥛Milk, 🥚Egg,🍓Fruit🍉 🛡Vitamin – B1 Chemical Name: Thiamine Deficiency disease: beri-beri Source: 🥜Peanuts, Potatoes, 🥦Vegetables🍆 🛡Vitamin – B2 Chemical Name: Riboflavin Deficiency diseases: skin rash, eye disease Source: 🥚 Egg, 🥛 Milk, 🥦 Green Vegetables 🛡 Vitamin – B3 Chemical Name: Pantothenic Acid Deficiency diseases: burning feet, gray hair Sources: 🍗 Meat🍖, 🥛 Milk, 🍅 Tomatoes, Peanuts🥜 🛡Vitamin- B5 Chemical Name: Nicotinamide (Niacin) Deficiency disease: menstrual disorders (pellagra) Sources: 🍗Meat🍖, 🥜Peanuts, Potatoes 🛡Vitamin- B6 Chemical Name: Pyridoxine Deficiency diseases: anemia, skin diseases Source: 🥛Milk, 🍗Meat, 🥦Vegetable🍆 🛡 Vitamin – H / B7 Chemical Name: Biotin Deficiency diseases: hair fall, skin diseases Source: Yeast, Wheat, 🥚Egg 🛡Vitamin – B12 Chemical Name: Cyanocobalamin Deficiency diseases: Anemia, Pandu disease Source: 🍗 Meat, 🍖 Kajeli, 🥛 Milk 🛡 Vitamin-C Chemical Name: Ascorbic Acid Deficiency diseases: scurvy, gingivitis Source: Amla, 🍋lemon, 🍑orange, 🍊orange 🛡Vitamin-D Chemical Name: Calciferol Deficiency disease: Rickets Source :☀ Sunlight, 🥛 Milk, Egg 🥚 🛡 Vitamin – E Chemical Name: Tocopherol Deficiency Disease: Decreased Fertility Source: 🥦Green Vegetable, 🍚Butter, Milk🥛 🛡 Vitamin-K Chemical Name: Phylloquinone Deficiency Disease: Absence of blood clotting Source: 🍅 Tomatoes, 🥦 Green Vegetables, 🥛 Milk

Major cities of Indus Civilization: ◆ Mohenjodaro: Indus River ◆ Harappa: Ravi River ◆ Ropar: Sutlej River ◆ Manda: Chenab River ◆ Kalibanga: Ghaggar River ◆ Lothal: Bhogwa River ◆ Sutkangador: Dashk River ◆ Balakot: Vindar River ◆ Sotkakoh: Shadikour. ◆ Alamgirpur - Hindon River ◆ Rangpur - Madar River ◆ Kotdiji - Indus River ◆ Banwali - Ancient Saraswati River ◆ Chanhudaro - Indus River.

AI and 3D printing yield steel-strong, foam-light materials — A new material built by AI an “impassable” metal. It will change material science in many ways. In a groundbreaking study published in Advanced Materials, researchers from the University of Toronto’s Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, in collaboration with the Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), have leveraged machine learning to design nano-architected materials that exhibit the strength of carbon steel while maintaining the lightness of foam. This innovative approach holds significant promise for applications across various industries, including automotive and aerospace. Nano-Architected Materials and Stress Concentration Challenges Nano-architected materials are composed of repeating units, or building blocks, at the nanoscale—each measuring a few hundred nanometers. When arranged into complex three-dimensional structures known as nanolattices, these materials can achieve exceptional strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios. However, traditional lattice geometries often feature sharp intersections and corners, leading to stress concentrations that can cause premature local failure and compromise the material’s overall performance. Machine Learning Optimization via Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization To address these challenges, the research team employed a multi-objective Bayesian optimization algorithm. This machine learning technique was trained on simulated geometries to predict optimal lattice configurations that enhance stress distribution and improve the strength-to-weight ratio. Unlike conventional methods that might replicate existing designs, this algorithm learned from the data to propose entirely new lattice geometries, effectively mitigating stress concentration issues. Fabrication Using Two-Photon Polymerization 3D Printing For the experimental validation of the optimized designs, the team utilized a two-photon polymerization 3D printer. This advanced additive manufacturing technology enables precise 3D printing at micro and nano scales, allowing for the creation of the complex carbon nanolattices proposed by the machine learning model. Results: Superior Strength-to-Weight Performance The optimized nanolattices demonstrated a significant improvement over existing designs. They withstood stresses of 2.03 megapascals per cubic meter per kilogram of density, a performance metric approximately five times higher than that of titanium. This remarkable enhancement underscores the efficacy of integrating machine learning with advanced manufacturing techniques to develop materials with unprecedented mechanical properties. Implications and Future Directions The successful application of machine learning in optimizing nano-architected materials opens new avenues for designing ultra-lightweight components, particularly in aerospace applications where reducing fuel consumption is critical. The research team plans to focus on scaling up these material designs to enable cost-effective production of macroscale components. Additionally, they aim to explore new designs that push material architectures to even lower densities while maintaining high strength and stiffness. This study exemplifies the transformative potential of combining machine learning algorithms with cutting-edge 3D printing technologies to engineer materials that meet specific performance criteria, paving the way for innovations in material science and engineering.

𝗥𝗮𝗷𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷𝗮 𝗜 (985- 1014 AD) Developed a revenue system where land was surveyed & then revenue was assessed. So, 𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗿𝗲𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝘀 𝗨𝗹𝗮𝗸𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗮𝗱𝗮 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗹 (𝘨𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘵 𝘸𝘩𝘰 𝘮𝘦𝘢𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘩) .

Founded in 1843 in Calcutta,the Bengal British India Society merged with the Landholders' Society in 1851 to form the British IndianAssociation. It played a key role until 1954, when it ceased operations after the zamindari system's abolition.

The National Emblem of India was adopted on January 26, 1950, and is based on the Lion Capital of Ashoka, a 𝘀𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗽𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗯𝗮𝗰𝗸 𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 250 𝗕𝗖𝗘. It was excavated at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh in 1905.

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Yuvraj Singh – - Chose cricket under his strict father despite parents’ separation. - Battled cancer silently and kept giving his best. - Huge reason behind India’s World Cup win, never showed off. - Took all the unfair stuff on the chin, no complaints. - Chooses to train young players instead of chilling in a commentary box. - Mentoring two superstars without seeking credit. That’s Yuvi for you.