Civil Services Simplified: Decoding the Enigma of UPSC by Dr. CP. Kaushik

● Genetic screening is a testing process designed to detect specific genetic diseases, mutations, or abnormalities in individuals or populations. ● Enables early detection and personalized treatment for inherited conditions (e.g., cystic fibrosis, cancer). ○ Helps prevent the transmission of genetic disorders to future generations. ○ Allows for informed family planning and proactive health management.

Target Prelims 2025: Day 18 1. DARK OXYGEN: Dark Oxygen produced in the deep ocean by metallic nodules on the seafloor. Until now, it was thought that oxygen was created only through photosynthesis, a process that requires sunlight. But this oxygen is generated through electrochemical reactions that occur when polymetallic nodules (PMN) are submerged in seawater. ** Polymetallic Nodules (PMN): These are potato-sized mineral lumps rich in elements such as manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper, commonly found on the ocean floor. They form through a slow and gradual process over millions of years. 2. Bridge Recombinase Mechanism (BRM): NATURALLY EXISTING DNA EDITING TOOL BRM employs mobile genetic elements, often referred to as "jumping genes," which can cut and paste themselves into genomes, allowing for dynamic DNA manipulation. It is found across all forms of life. ● These jumping genes consist of small DNA segments equipped with a recombinase enzyme and additional DNA segments at their ends that facilitate the binding and manipulation of DNA. ● In gene editing, genetic material is altered by inserting, replacing, or deleting DNA sequences to enhance characteristics in plants and animals or to correct genetic disorders. Other Gene Editing Technologies ● CRISPR-Cas9: Derived from a bacterial immune system, this technology uses a guide RNA to identify specific DNA sequences. The Cas9 enzyme then cuts the DNA at the targeted site, enabling precise edits such as insertions, deletions, or replacements. ● TALENs (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases): These are composed of DNA-binding proteins designed to recognize specific sequences, paired with the FokI nuclease. TALENs create double-strand breaks in DNA, facilitating targeted modifications. ● Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs): ZFNs utilize engineered zinc finger proteins attached to a nuclease to bind to specific DNA sequences. Once bound, they enable targeted cutting and modification of the DNA. 3. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs): ● Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-created proteins that mimic natural antibodies produced by the immune system. ● An antibody attaches itself to an antigen (a foreign substance, usually a disease-causing molecule) and helps the immune system eliminate it from the body. Monoclonal antibodies are specifically designed to target certain antigens. ** Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies: ● Diagnostics: Used in tests like ELISA. ● Disease Treatment: Effective for conditions such as cancer, infections, and autoimmune disorders. ● Cell Analysis: Helps in analyzing different cell types in blood or tissue with the aid of fluorescent tags. 4. BIOSURFACTANTS: ** Researchers emphasize that biosurfactants can be produced using eco-friendly substrates derived from agro-industrial waste. Surfactants ● A surfactant is a substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid, improving its spreading and wetting properties. For example, detergents are common surfactants. ● Biosurfactants are active compounds produced by microorganisms, either on their cell surface or secreted, that reduce surface and interfacial tension, produced by bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi. ● Advantages: Compared to synthetic surfactants, biosurfactants are less toxic, more biodegradable, and remain effective under extreme pH and salinity conditions. ** Applications of Biosurfactants ● Bioremediation: Used for cleaning up oil spills, removing heavy metals, and treating wastewater. ● Agriculture: Enhance soil quality, manage plant diseases, and boost trace element levels in the soil. ● Pharmaceuticals: Used in antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-adhesive drug formulations. 5. GENETIC SCREENING:

Target Prelims 2025: Day 17 1. NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (NTDS): ** World Health Organization has released a report titled Global report on Neglected Tropical Diseases 2024. • NTDs are a diverse group of 20 conditions/diseases that are mainly prevalent in tropical areas, where they thrive among people living in impoverished communities. • They are caused by a variety of pathogens (including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, and toxins) and are associated with devastating health, social, and economic consequences. • These include Guinea worm, Chikungunya, Dengue, Kala Azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis), and Elephantiasis (Lymphatic Filariasis), among others. • India is home to about 12 NTDs. India has the highest number of people requiring interventions against Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) globally, at approximately 40%. • The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized India as free of Guinea Worm disease (2000) and Yaws (2016). 2. GM mustard: ● Scientists at Delhi University’s Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants (CGMCP) have developed the GM Mustard Dhara Mustard Hybrid-11 (DMH-11). ** It contains two alien genes isolated from a soil bacterium called Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. ● DMH-11 was developed by crossing a popular Indian mustard variety ‘Varuna’ (the barnase line) with an East European ‘Early Heera-2’ mutant (barstar). ● DMH-11 is claimed to have shown an average 28% yield increase over Varuna in contained field trials carried out by ICAR. 3. Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC): ● The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is the apex regulatory body established in 2010 under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). ● It operates according to the Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export, and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells (Rules, 1989) framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. ** Monitoring and Approval: GEAC reviews, monitors, and approves activities involving large-scale use of hazardous microorganisms and recombinant research, focusing on environmental impacts. ○ Field Trials: The committee approves proposals for releasing genetically engineered organisms into the environment, including conditions for containment during experimental field trials. 4. TRANSPOSONS: ●Often referred to as "junk" DNA, "selfish" DNA, or "jumping genes," transposons are a diverse and dynamic component of genomes that play a crucial role in genetic variation, evolution, and gene regulation. ●They are considered "selfish" because their primary function appears to be replicating themselves, and "junk" because they often do not provide any obvious benefit to their host. ●Essentially, transposons are DNA sequences that can move from one location in the genome to another. 5. LAST UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTOR (LUCA) ●LUCA refers to a theoretical single-celled, bacterium-like organism that represents the point in the evolutionary tree where the three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—diverged. ● It is not a specific species but rather a population of organisms that existed approximately 3.5 to 4 billion years ago, during the early stages of life on Earth.

Target Prelims 2025: Day 16 1. LIGNOSAT: ** Researchers from Japan have developed the world’s first wooden satellite, LignoSat. * It is the world’s first wooden satellite made from magnolia wood, the satellite is a 10-centimetre cuboid designed to be launched aboard a SpaceX rocket to the International Space Station (ISS) in September 2024. • The primary objective of LignoSat is to explore the eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness of using wood in space, with the added benefit of reducing space debris. • When the satellite re-enters the Earth's atmosphere, it will burn up completely, releasing only water vapor and carbon dioxide, avoiding the release of harmful metal particles. 2. EARTHCARE MISSION: EarthCARE Mission was launched by ESA (European Space Agency) and JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) to measure the influence of clouds on the climate. EarthCARE Mission (Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer) •The Mission, launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), aims to better understand the role of clouds, aerosols, and radiation in climate change. ** The mission will explore how clouds and aerosols affect Earth's radiation balance by reflecting sunlight and trapping infrared radiation from the Earth's surface. 3. TRISHNA MISSION: Thermal Infrared Imaging Satellite for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment (TRISHNA) with objective to Monitor Earth's land and water temperatures, track urban heat, assess water and energy budgets, and manage disasters. Quantify terrestrial water stress and use. **Assess water quality, dynamics, and urban heat islands. **Detecting thermal anomalies. # Isro collaborating with French National Space Agency. 4. GENE-DRIVE TECHNOLOGY (GDT): Research indicates that genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes using Gene Drive Technology (GDT) can effectively reduce mosquito populations in outdoor, controlled environments. •Gene Drive Technology is a powerful genetic engineering technique that alters the inheritance of genes in a population. Unlike traditional Mendelian inheritance (50% chance of offspring inheriting a specific gene), gene drives dramatically increase the likelihood of a particular gene being passed on to future generations. • It essentially hacks the natural process of heredity, making a specific gene much more likely to spread through a population. ** This is based on use of CAS9 as molecular scissor. 5. ARTEMIS ACCORD: • The Artemis Accords are a series of non-binding agreements initiated by the United States, in collaboration with several other nations, to establish guidelines for the civil exploration and use of outer space. • Signed on October 13, 2020, the Accords aim to promote peaceful cooperation in space activities, particularly as part of the broader Artemis program, which seeks to return humans to the Moon and eventually explore Mars and beyond. • Signatory Nations: As of November 2024, 48 countries have signed the Accords, including major players like Australia, Canada, Japan, India and the United Kingdom. • Signatories commit to conducting space activities in accordance with international law and to avoiding harmful interference with each other’s operations

Target Prelims 2025: Day 15 1. NAEGLERIA FOWLERI: Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), caused by Naegleria fowleri, a rare brain infection. • Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba, a single-celled organism found in warm freshwater and soil. Common sources of infection include lakes, rivers, poorly maintained swimming pools, and splash pads. *The amoeba enters the body through the nose, often during swimming, and travels to the brain, where it destroys brain tissue and causes swelling. * PAM is a rare, non-communicable brain infection caused by Naegleria fowleri, which thrives in warm freshwater and soil. •It cannot be contracted through drinking water or person-to-person contact. 2. LUNAR POLAR EXPLORATION MISSION (LUPEX): * LUPEX is a collaborative initiative between India's Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Japan's Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). LUPEX aims to explore the Moon's southern polar region, focusing on detecting water and other elements, possibly as surface ice. The mission will demonstrate advanced exploration technologies, including lunar night survival and vehicular transport. ISRO will develop and operate the lander, while JAXA will manage the rover. 3. Doppler Radar: A Doppler radar is a specialized radar that uses the Doppler effect to generate velocity data about distant objects, such as weather patterns or vehicles. It aids forecasters in observing rainfall, cloud formations, thunderstorms, and lightning in real-time, enabling accurate weather forecasting. Doppler Effect is the apparent difference between the frequency at which sound or light waves leave a source and that at which they reach an observer, caused by the relative motion of the observer and the wave source. Radar, an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging, is a technology that employs radio waves to detect, locate, and track objects at considerable distances. ** It operates by transmitting electromagnetic energy toward targets and analyzing the echoes returned from them, allowing for the determination of their distance, direction, and speed. * The Consumer Affairs Ministry is seeking public input on proposed regulations for Doppler radar equipment used to measure vehicle speeds. 4. 2025 TO BE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF QUANTUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: * The United Nations has said 2025 will be designated the ‘International Year of Quantum Science and Technology’. ** Quantum Mechanics is the branch of physics that describes the behavior of particles at extremely small scales, such as atoms and photons. * Concepts related to Quantum Technology: ** Superposition: Particles can exist in multiple states at once until measured. • Entanglement: Particles can be interconnected in such a way that the state of one instantly influences the state of another, no matter the distance. • Quantum Computing: Utilises quantum bits (qubits) which can be in superposition, enabling them to perform many calculations simultaneously. •Quantum Cryptography: Uses principles of quantum mechanics to create secure communication systems. 5. RECOMBINANT PROTEINS: Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bengaluru have formulated a method for mass-producing recombinant proteins. * Recombinant proteins are proteins produced by inserting genes into expression vectors, which support gene expression and mRNA translation. • Through recombinant DNA technology, the gene can be modified to produce mutant proteins. These proteins are manipulated versions of naturally occurring proteins, created to enhance protein production, modify gene sequences, or produce commercial products. • Recombinant proteins are often generated by combining gene sequences not normally found together in nature. Examples include vaccines, insulin, and monoclonal antibodies, which are mass-produced by growing modified bacterial, viral, or mammalian cells in large bioreactors

5. GEOMAGNETIC STORMS: ** A geomagnetic storm is a major disturbance of Earth's magnetosphere that occurs when there is a very efficient exchange of energy from the solar wind into the space environment surrounding Earth. • These storms result from variations in the solar wind that produce major changes in the currents, plasmas, and fields in Earth’s magnetosphere. • The solar wind conditions that are effective for creating geomagnetic storms are sustained (for several hours) periods of the high-speed solar wind and a southward-directed solar wind magnetic field (opposite the direction of Earth’s field) at the dayside of the magnetosphere. • The largest such storms are associated with solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs), where a billion tons or so of plasma from the sun, with its embedded magnetic field, arrives at Earth.

Target Prelims 2025: Day 14 1. Chemical Weapons Convention: The Chemical Weapons Convention is a global treaty, effective since April 29, 1997, that bans the development, production, and use of chemical weapons. • It mandates the destruction of existing chemical weapons stockpiles within a specified timeframe. The convention is overseen by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which is based in The Hague and has 193 member nations, including India. • In line with the CWC, India enacted the Chemical Weapons Convention Act, 2000, reinforcing the treaty’s guidelines domestically. ** US government accuses Russia of using Chloropicrin chemical against Ukrainian military violating the Chemical Weapons Convention. About Chloropicrin • Chloropicrin is a synthetic chemical compound that appears as a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid, known for its strong and irritating smell. • It is versatile in use, classified as a broad-spectrum agent, meaning it affects a wide range of organisms. • Chloropicrin serves as an antimicrobial, fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, and nematicide. A nematicide specifically targets nematodes—tiny, worm-like pests that damage crops by feeding on plant roots. 2. HIGH ENERGY PHOTON SOURCE: Synchrotron HEPS is a state-of-the-art synchrotron designed to generate high-energy X-rays for scientific research. A synchrotron is a type of circular particle accelerator, where charged particles (electrons) move almost at the speed of light to produce very bright light (mainly X-Rays), called synchrotron light (10 billion times brighter than the Sun) • Photons are the fundamental particles of light. They are the carriers of electromagnetic radiation and possess both wave-like and particle-like properties India’s Synchrotron Facilities: India has developed its own synchrotron facilities, Indus-1 and Indus-2 (third generation) at the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) in Indore. Additionally, India is an associate member of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France. Applications: •Materials science: Studying the structure and properties of materials at the atomic level. • Chemistry & Nanotechnology: Investigating the mechanisms of chemical reactions. • Biology: Understanding the structure and function of biological molecules. • Environmental science: Analyzing environmental pollutants and contaminants. • Medical science: Developing new medical imaging techniques and treatments. 3. PREFIRE MISSION: ** NASA is set to launch the Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-Infrared Experiment (PREFIRE), a mission designed to gather new data on how heat is lost to space from Earth’s polar regions. * The mission will focus on understanding how heat escapes from these regions into space, which is key to improving predictions of climate change and sea level rise. * Improved climate models, understanding ice loss, Developing mitigation strategies. 4. Kessler Syndrome: • It is a concept introduced by NASA scientist Donald Kessler, describing a scenario where debris collisions generate more fragments, leading to an uncontrollable chain reaction. • This could create a dense cloud of debris, making certain orbits hazardous or unusable. Space Debris refers to non-functional, artificial objects in Earth orbit or re-entering the atmosphere, with maximum concentrations observed at altitudes of 800-1000 km and near 1400 km, mainly in Lower Earth Orbits (LEO). NETRA Project: ISRO’s initiative to build a Space Surveillance and Tracking network using radars and optical telescopes.

Target Prelims 2025: Day 13 1.Biodiversity Credits: Biodiversity credits are a financial instrument designed to support the conservation, restoration, and sustainable management of biodiversity-rich areas. Similar to carbon credits, which focus on reducing carbon emissions, biodiversity credits aim to fund initiatives that preserve and enhance biodiversity rather than offset negative environmental impacts. ** The goal of biodiversity credits is to attract private investments for conservation and restoration efforts, aligning with international agreements such as the KMGBF under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Biodiversity Credit Alliance **Launched at CoP15 of CBD, aims to promote bio credits through various fora. Its goal is to mobilize support and raise awareness among stakeholders like governmental bodies, non-profits, and private enterprises 2. Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA): ** It is a specific area of the marine environment that requires special protection due to its unique ecological, socio-economic, or scientific significance. These areas are vulnerable to damage from international shipping activities. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is responsible for identifying and designating PSSAs. Examples: The Great Barrier Reef, the Galapagos Islands, and the Wadden Sea . ** Coral Triangle ("Amazon of the Seas") • It is a marine region in the Western Pacific Ocean known for its exceptional marine biodiversity. • It spans across six countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Solomon Islands, and TimorLeste. 3.Neelakurinji (Strobilanthus): ●Added to the IUCN Red List of threatened species. ● A shrub found in the shola forests of the Western Ghats in Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. ● Known for its purplish-blue flowers and unique blooming cycle, flowering once every 12 years. ● The Paliyan tribal people of Tamil Nadu use the blooming of Neelakurinji to calculate their age. 4. SEAWEEDS: The Union Government notified the ‘Guidelines for Import of Live Seaweeds into India’, which aimed at facilitating import of high quality seed materials or germplasm in India. **Seaweed farming or kelp farming is the practice of cultivating and harvesting seaweed. In its simplest form, it consists of the management of naturally found batches. In its most advanced form, it consists of fully controlling the life cycle of the algae. **In contrast to other forms of aquaculture, seaweed farming has minimum capital and technological requirements **The largest seaweed-producing countries are China, Indonesia, and the Philippines. •Currently, seaweed production in India is primarily confined to the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay in Tamil Nadu. The seaweed industry in India is mainly a cottage industry and is based only on the natural stock of agar yielding red seaweeds and algin yielding brown seaweeds. ## Seaweeds, also known as macroalgae, are macroscopic, multicellular marine algae that are primarily found in shallow coastal waters which can be categorized into three main groups based on their pigmentation: green (Chlorophyta), red (Rhodophyta), and brown (Phaeophyta) algae. Seaweeds are primary producers, utilizing sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into sugars through photosynthesis. ** Seaweeds are generally anchored to the sea bottom or other solid structures by rootlike “holdfasts,” which perform the sole function of attachment and do not extract nutrients. Uses: •Food and Nutrition: Many seaweeds are edible and commercially valuable. They are nutrient-rich, containing antioxidants that protect against free radicals and promote cellular health. •Agriculture: Used as fertilizers and sources of polysaccharides. •Health Benefits: Help manage diabetes by balancing blood sugar levels; Aid fat metabolism by increasing specific protein production; Contain anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents. •Commercial Applications: Emulsifiers in toothpaste and fruit jellies; Emollients in organic cosmetics and skincare products.

5. ARTIFICIAL REEFS: Odisha has launched its first artificial reef in Chilika Lake to restore aquatic ecosystems under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana. About Artificial Reefs (ARs): ARs are man-made underwater structures that mimic function of natural reefs. They provide habitats for marine life, promote biodiversity, & support ecosystem services. These structures are created using technologies like biorock and are placed on the seabed in both freshwater and saltwater environments. Types of Artificial Reef Structures: Common examples include shipwrecks, oil rigs, concrete modules, reef balls, and artificial reef towers. Submerged shipwrecks are the most widely used form of artificial reef. Artificial Reefs in India ** Early experiments with artificial reefs were carried out by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Marine Fisheries Institute (ICAR-CMFRI) in places like Lakshadweep and Tuticorin.

Target Prelims 2025: Day 12 1. GREENIUM: ** According to Economic Survey 2023-24, Indian sovereign green bonds have struggled to attract significant ‘greenium’ from private investors, where Greenium is Green + Premium. ● “Greenium” combines "green" and "premium" to describe the extra value or premium investors are willing to pay for green bonds over traditional bonds due to their environmental benefits. ● Green Bonds: These bonds are issued to fund environmentally beneficial projects, such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable agriculture. Benefits of Greenium ● Lower Borrowing Costs: High demand for green bonds often allows issuers to borrow at lower interest rates than with traditional bonds. ● Alignment with ESG Values: As many investors prioritize environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, green bonds that support these values are more attractive. 2. METHANOTROPHS/METHANOGENS: India has reported its first cultures of indigenous methane-mitigating bacteria, known as methanotrophs, specifically Methylocucumis oryzae, found in rice fields and wetlands in Western India. Methanotrophs (Methane Eaters): Specialized group of gram negative bacteria (and some archaea) that can utilize methane (CH₄) as their primary source of carbon and energy, converting it into carbon dioxide (CO₂). ● These microorganisms, found in wetlands, rice fields, landfills, and ruminant digestive systems, produce methane, the second most significant greenhouse gas, which has 26 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. ● Methanogens, the microorganisms responsible for producing methane, thrive in environments like wetlands and landfills. ● Methanotrophs convert methane into organic compounds through a process called methanotrophy. This process involves oxidizing methane into methanol, formaldehyde, and ultimately carbon dioxide. ● Importance : They consume methane, aid bioremediation, and support biofuel production. 3. TEAL CARBON: India has conducted its first study on ‘teal carbon’ at Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan. The park, along with Loktak Lake (Manipur), is listed in the Montreux Record of the Ramsar Convention. Teal carbon refers to the carbon stored in inland water ecosystems, such as rivers, lakes, wetlands, and floodplains. This concept extends beyond the more familiar terms of blue carbon (carbon in coastal and marine ecosystems) and green carbon (carbon in forests and vegetation). While blue and green carbon ecosystems are well-recognized in carbon accounting, inland water systems often go unrecognized for their significant role in carbon sequestration. Wetlands, including marshes, swamps, and peatlands, are particularly important teal carbon ecosystems. In fact, they can store more carbon per hectare than forests. The term "teal" comes from the combination of blue (for water-related ecosystems) and green (for land-based ecosystems), representing the unique role of inland waters in carbon storage. eg. The Sundarbans mangroves store both blue and teal carbon. ○ Lake Tanganyika stores significant carbon in its deep sediments. 4. MYRISTICA SWAMPS: ** A Myristica swamp forest has been discovered in Kumbral, Maharashtra, and is being protected by the local community. • Myristica Swamps are tropical evergreen forests dominated by trees of the Myristica genus. • Swamps are wetlands with waterlogged soil and dense vegetation, often found in low-lying areas where water accumulates and drains slowly. • These swamps are found in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. • In India, they are present in the Western Ghats, with smaller populations in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Meghalaya. • The waterlogged nature of these forests leads to peat formation, and the Myristica plants are often called living fossils due to their ancient lineage.

Target Prelims 2025: Day 11 1. PARENGYODONTIUM ALBUM: ## It's a form of marine fungus which is found to break don the POLYETHYLENE plastics found in oceans. It breaks down PE by using ultraviolet (UV) light to initiate the process and then utilizes the carbon from the plastic as an energy source for its own growth. It has also been found in a variety of other environments, including Polar soils and areas with high salinity, Stone, wood, glass, or paper found in old buildings, caves, and historical landmarks. 2. BAYESIAN CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK (BCNN): Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) developed BCNN to predict the emergence of El Nino & La Nina conditions in advance. * BCNN is a new technology that harnesses the power of Artificial Intelligence (AI), deep and machine learning (ML). It has the ability to enhance the accuracy of predictions related to the phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). * ENSO is a climate phenomenon involving changes in the temperature of waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, along with corresponding atmospheric variations. influencing global weather patterns and atmospheric circulation. El Niño (Warm Phase): This phase is marked by warmer-than-average SST in the central and eastern Pacific which typically leads to below-average monsoon rainfall in India, causing drought-like conditions in South and Southeast Asia. ○ It also brings unusually heavy rainfall to the southern U.S. and the west coast of South America. La Niña (Cool Phase): In this phase, SST in the central and eastern Pacific are cooler than average. * This often results in stronger monsoons and colder winters in India, while the southern U.S. and parts of South America experience drier conditions. 3. Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS): INCOIS, an autonomous body established in 1999, operates under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. * It is headquartered in Hyderabad and serves as a nodal agency for providing vital ocean-related information and services. * The three primary services provided by INCOIS are the Tsunami Early Warning Service, Ocean State Forecast Service and Potential Fishing Zone Advisory Service. INCOIS has launched Early Warning Systems like the Swell Surge Forecast System which gives forewarning seven days in advance. It also launched Algal Bloom Information Service and Small Vessel Advisory and Forecast Services System (SVAS). 4. COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE (CI): ** The UNDP released a report titled 'Untapped Collective Intelligence for Climate Action', which explores the potential of collective intelligence initiatives in climate adaptation and mitigation. **Collective intelligence (CI) refers to the enhanced capacity that emerges when individuals collaborate, often facilitated by technology, to pool their knowledge, insights, and skills. * This concept emphasises that the collective contributions of a group can lead to outcomes that surpass what individuals could achieve alone. 5. SPRING INITIATIVE: ** The United Nations-backed network Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) has introduced the "Spring" initiative, aimed at halting or reversing nature loss by 2030. ● The initiative was launched at London Climate Action Week. ● PRI, an international organization, promotes the integration of environmental, social, and corporate governance factors into investment decision-making. ** Launched in 2006 with UN support, it has over 4,900 participating financial institutions. They signify PRI's key principles and report progress.

5. INDIA AND JAPAN PLAN JOINT CARBON CREDITING MECHANISM: ** India and Japan are set to sign a Memorandum of Cooperation to establish a Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) for sharing emission reduction credits, formed under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement. ● Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement allows countries to utilize international carbon markets to meet their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) while ensuring robust accounting to avoid double count. Carbon markets are mechanisms for pricing carbon emissions, allowing trading of carbon credits or allowances. ● A carbon credit represents one tonne of carbon dioxide removed or reduced from the atmosphere. Carbon credits are generated through activities that reduce atmospheric CO2, such as afforestation. Corporations purchase credits from projects that capture or avoid emissions. Carbon Market in India ● India has previously invested in producing carbon credits for export, issuing 35.94 million credits (nearly 17% of global voluntary credits) between 2010 and June 2022. However, the government now plans to halt exports, develop a domestic carbon market, and increase internal trade. ●The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022, was passed by Parliament to mandate the use of clean energy sources and facilitate the establishment of carbon markets.

Target Prelims 2025: Day 10. 1. CARBON REMOVALS AND CARBON FARMING (CRCF) REGULATION IN EU: The European Parliament and the European Council have reached a provisional agreement on establishing the first EU-level Carbon Removal Certification Framework. The certification framework aims to enhance carbon removal technologies and carbon farming by establishing quality criteria standards and implementing monitoring and reporting processes to prevent greenwashing. (Greenwashing refers to a company making false or misleading claims that their products or services are more sustainable than they are in reality). Carbon farming involves regenerative practices to improve agriculture, restore ecosystems, and combat climate change by storing carbon and lowering emissions. Techniques include: Agroforestry: Combining trees with crops. Conservation farming: Reducing soil disturbance. Integrated nutrient management: Balancing soil nutrients. Renewable energy production and grasslands conservation. Key Initiatives related to Carbon Farming: • ‘4 per 1000’ Initiative: Launched at COP21 in Paris (2015), it highlights the importance of carbon sinks in reducing greenhouse gases, emphasizing wise management of the remaining carbon budget. • India’s Carbon Credit Trading System (CCTS): This program allows companies to trade carbon credits, where companies that emit below their cap can sell surplus credits to others. 2. Keeling Curve:: The Keeling Curve is a significant scientific graph that illustrates the ongoing increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations since 1958. Named after Dr. Charles David Keeling, who initiated the measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, the curve has become an indicator of human impact on the environment and climate change. ** It is situated in Mauna Loa, Hawaii, the world’s largest active volcano. 3. STROMATOLITES: Stromatolites are special rock-like structures formed by the activities of microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria (a type of photosynthetic bacteria). They are among the earliest evidence of life on Earth, dating back more than 3.5 billion years and these structures are important because they provide clues about early life and the environmental conditions of ancient Earth. ** While most stromatolites are marine, some from the Proterozoic Era (over 2.5 billion years old) are found in freshwater environments. • Shark Bay in Western Australia is one of the few places where living marine stromatolites still exist. Additionally, stromatolites dating back 1.8 billion years are found in Jhamarkotra, Rajasthan. 4. GLOBAL SOIL PARTNERSHIP (GSP): The GSP Assembly has urged urgent action to improve and maintain the health of at least 50% of the world's soils by 2030, as per the Twelfth Plenary session hosted by FAO. The Global Soil Partnership (GSP) is a globally recognized mechanism established in 2012 with the mission to position soils in the Global Agenda and to promote sustainable soil management. ** The Partnership, hosted by FAO, works to improve soil governance to guarantee productive soils towards food security, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and sustainable development for all.

5. Global Mangrove Alliance: • The Global Mangrove Alliance is a partnership of organizations, including WWF, Conservation International, IUCN, and The Nature Conservancy, dedicated to conserving and restoring mangrove ecosystems. ** Increase global mangrove coverage by 20%. * Generate $10 billion for projects that support coastal communities, benefiting an additional 10 million people. * Leverage mangroves to mitigate climate change, boost biodiversity, and enhance food security in coastal regions.

Target Prelims 2025: Day 9 1. ORANGUTAN DIPLOMACY: Malaysia announced its plans to gift orangutans to countries that import its palm oil as part of a strategy called "orangutan diplomacy". * The name orangutan means "man of the forest" in the Malay language. IUCN has classified the Bornean & Sumatran orangutans as critically endangered. Found in peat swamp forests near sea level to mountainous forests exclusively in Malaysia and Indonesia. * They possess a human-like intelligence and are known to utilize herbal medicine for wound healing. They communicate using sign language. 2. MAMMOTH: WORLD’S LARGEST CARBON CAPTURE FACILITY: Mammoth, the world’s largest facility designed to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, has begun operations in Iceland. Mammoth is Climeworks' second commercial direct air capture (DAC) facility in Iceland, following its predecessor, Orca, which launched in 2021. With a target to capture 36,000 tons of CO₂ annually, this state-of-the-art carbon capture and storage facility is built on a dormant volcano. The Mammoth facility draws in air, chemically extracts CO₂, and injects it deep underground into basalt rock formations ( a method of GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION). ** There, the CO₂ mixes with water, mineralizes, and permanently turns into stone within two years, ensuring long-term carbon storage. 3. SPECIES THREAT ABATEMENT AND RESTORATION (STAR) METRIC: A tool developed by the IUCN Red List to estimate the potential reduction in species extinction risk. The STAR Metric measures the impact of investments on reducing the likelihood of species extinction. It helps various groups—governments, cities, environmental organizations, the financial sector, investors, and businesses—direct their efforts and funding towards activities that lead to effective conservation and support global environmental goals. STAR focuses on two main approaches to reducing extinction risks. * Threat Abatement: Reducing or eliminating the dangers that species face. * Habitat Restoration: Rebuilding or enhancing the natural environments where species live. 4. CORAL BLEACHING: ** Widespread coral bleaching has been seen along the Indian coast largely affecting Lakshadweep, Gulf of Munnar, Palk Bay and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. • Corals are colonies of genetically identical polyps (a Cnidarian, an invertebrate) that house tiny algae called zooxanthellae (algae) within their tissues. • This relationship is mutualistic: corals supply the algae with compounds needed for photosynthesis, while zooxanthellae provide the corals with nutrients and energy-rich carbohydrates, essential for building their calcium carbonate skeletons. Additionally, the algae give corals their vibrant colors. • Coral bleaching occurs when corals are stressed by factors such as temperature changes, pollution, or high ocean acidity. • Under stress, the algae within corals (zooxanthellae) produce harmful substances, causing the corals to expel them. This loss exposes the corals' white skeletons, making them appear bleached and ending the algae-coral symbiosis essential for coral survival. Causes of Coral Bleaching • Rising Ocean Temperatures: Climate-induced temperature increases are the main cause. • Runoff and Pollution: Freshwater runoff and pollutants dilute ocean waters, harming corals. • High Sunlight Exposure: High temperatures combined with strong sunlight bleach shallow-water corals. • Low Tides: Air exposure during extremely low tides can cause bleaching • Additional Threats: Biological Invasions; Chemical Pollutants; Diseases

5. BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) Policy: ● To be steered by the Department of Biotechnology, the policy is for fostering high-performance biomanufacturing. ○** High-performance biomanufacturing is the ability to produce products from medicine to materials, address farming and food challenges, and promote manufacturing of bio-based products through the integration of advanced biotechnological processes. ● The policy seeks to include innovation-driven support for research and development and entrepreneurship across thematic sectors. ● This will accelerate technology development and commercialization by establishing biomanufacturing and bio-AI hubs and biofoundry. ● Along with prioritising regenerative bioeconomy models of green growth, this policy will facilitate the expansion of India’s skilled workforce and provide a surge in job creation. ●** To address the national priorities, the BioE3 Policy would broadly focus on the following strategic/thematic sectors: ○ high-value bio-based chemicals; ○ biopolymers and enzymes; ○ smart proteins and functional foods; ○ precision biotherapeutics; ○ climate resilient agriculture; carbon capture and its utilisation; ○ marine and space research.

Target Prelims 2025: Day 8 1. Open Radio Access Network (ORAN): The Ministry of Science and Technology recently unveiled a new technological solution designed specifically for stations based on Open Radio Access Network (ORAN). It is not a technology but rather a continuous evolution in mobile network architectures that enables service providers to integrate non-proprietary subcomponents sourced from diverse vendors. ORAN features an open, multi-vendor architecture for deploying mobile networks, contrasting with the single-vendor proprietary architecture. The main idea behind Open RAN is to ‘open up‘ the protocols and interfaces among different parts (such as radios, hardware, and software) in the RAN. 2. High-Altitude Pseudo Satellite Vehicle: A High-Altitude Pseudo Satellite Vehicle (HAPS) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed to operate at high altitudes, typically in the stratosphere, for extended periods. It offers unique capabilities that combine the advantages of satellites and traditional UAVs while being more cost-effective. ** Key Features of HAPS: 1. Operational Altitudes: HAPS can fly at altitudes of 18-20 kilometers, nearly double the cruising height of commercial airplanes. 2. Solar-Powered: These vehicles rely on solar energy, enabling them to remain airborne for extended durations—months or even years. 3. Cost Efficiency: While offering satellite-like capabilities, the operational cost of HAPS is significantly lower than that of deploying and maintaining a satellite. Importance for India: 1. Technological Milestone: With the successful test flight by the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) in Bengaluru, India joins an elite group of countries, including China, South Korea, and the UK, working on this advanced technology. 2. Strategic Applications: HAPS can enhance surveillance and monitoring in border areas, providing real-time data crucial for national security. 3. Disaster Response: During calamities that disrupt traditional communication networks, HAPS can quickly deploy mobile communication systems to remote or inaccessible regions, ensuring connectivity. 4. Dual Use: Beyond defense, HAPS can be utilized for environmental monitoring, weather forecasting, and commercial applications like providing internet connectivity in remote areas. 3. Solid-State Batteries: ** Electrolyte : Solid electrolyte (ceramic, glass, or polymer). ** Energy Density: Higher due to the absence of bulky liquid components and use of lithium metal anodes ** Safety : Safer due to non-flammable solid electrolyte, reducing risk of leakage or fire ** Operating Temperature: Can operate at higher temperatures without degradation ** Charge/Discharge Cycles: Longer lifespan due to reduced dendrite formation ** Manufacturing Complexity: More challenging to produce at scale; requires precise handling of solid materials ** Cost: Currently more expensive due to material and production challenges ** Weight: Lighter due to solid materials and compact design. 4. Bio-RIDE (Biotechnology Research Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development) scheme: • Aim: To foster innovation, bio-entrepreneurship, and sustainable biomanufacturing. • Focus: To encourage industry-academia collaboration, supports extramural funding for research, and aims to make India a global leader in biotechnology, contributing to the goal of a $300 billion bioeconomy by 2030. ** Biomanufacturing and Biofoundry: Focuses on sustainable practices and circular bioeconomy to address healthcare, agriculture, and climate challenges.

Target Prelims 2025: Day 7 1. Potential applications of Blockchain Technology : ● Cryptocurrencies: Cryptocurrencies (e.g., Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple, etc.) uses blockchain to record and verify transactions, which makes them secure and transparent. ● Supply Chain Management: It enables more efficient communication and collaboration between suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and customers. • ● Voting Systems: It can include features such as voter identification, eligibility checks, and ballot tracking, all of which can identify Verification. ● Intellectual Property Protection: For e.g., companies can use blockchain technology to manage their trademarks and patents, ensuring that their intellectual property is protected and not used without their permission. ● Records Management: For e.g., Blockchain-based healthcare record management can also help improve data accuracy and integrity by providing a single source of truth for patient data. 2. AI Washing: Recently, it has been revealed that some tech companies and startups are falsely marketing themselves as using artificial intelligence (AI), a practice known as “AI washing.” The term AI washing is derived from “greenwashing,” where companies exaggerate their environmental friendliness to attract customers. It involves businesses claiming to have integrated sophisticated AI into their products while using much less advanced technology. It is a deceptive promotional practice where companies exaggerate or falsely claim their products or services use AI. 3. Project Astra: Recently, Google showcased an early version of Project Astra at its annual developer conference. 1. It is Google’s initiative to develop AI that understands and responds using text, voice, and visual inputs. It is designed for devices like smartphones and smart glasses. 2. User Interaction: This technology enables users to interact with their environment by capturing information through their device’s camera. It is similar to asking a question about something they see or hear. The main aim is to facilitate real-time information exchange and interaction through wearable technology. 4. Doxxing: Doxxing is a form of online harassment where someone’s private details are publicly disclosed. This includes sensitive data such as phone numbers, private emails, medical records, government ID numbers, live locations, insurance details, and confidential employment information. Doxxing also involves the release of private or semi-private content without the consent of the individual, who did not intend for it to be shared publicly. This information is often acquired through unlawful means, including hacking and theft. 5. White Rabbit Collaboration: Recently, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) launched the White Rabbit Collaboration. It is a technology created at CERN, with input from various institutes and companies, to precisely synchronise devices in accelerators to sub-nanosecond accuracy. It addresses the challenge of establishing a unified time standard across a network. White Rabbit enables sub-nanosecond accuracy within Ethernet-based networks. One of the key features of White Rabbit is its open-source nature and adherence to standards. White Rabbit is utilised in both the finance sector and various research facilities. It’s also being considered for potential use in the future quantum internet. White Rabbit Collaboration is a worldwide community that operates on a membership basis, aiming to uphold a high-performance open-source technology that meets user requirements and encourages its adoption by industry. The WR Collaboration will offer specialised support and training. It will also promote joint R&D projects between organizations with shared interests and complementary skills, while creating a testing environment that builds confidence in products using the open-source technology.

Target Prelims 2025: Day 6 1. Zorawar: **DRDO successfully conducted the first phase of trials for the Indian Light Tank, Zorawar, demonstrating excellent performance in desert terrain. **Developed with Larsen & Toubro, Zorawar is a versatile platform designed for high-altitude deployment. 2. Dragon Drones: *Dragon drones were recently deployed by both Russian and Ukrainian forces. 1. These drones release a substance called thermite, which is a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide. It was initially developed for welding railroad tracks over a century ago. 2. When ignited by an electrical fuse, thermite initiates a self-sustaining reaction that can burn through various materials, including clothes, trees, and even military vehicles. 3. The reaction is intense enough to continue burning underwater and causes severe burns and bone damage on contact with humans. 3. Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA): ** SOSA is a legally non-binding pact between the US and India. * It commits both nations to provide reciprocal priority support for critical goods and services needed for national defence. * Rapid acquisition of industrial resources to mitigate supply chain disruptions. * Ensures national security requirements are addressed efficiently. * India becomes the 18th partner under this agreement, emphasizing the importance of fortifying the defense supply chain between the two countries. 4. Triput’ class advance Frigates: ** Recently, the first of two advanced frigates being built by Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) for the Indian Navy was launched at GSL, Goa. * The frigate is named Triput, symbolising the Indian Navy’s strength and ability to strike effectively. ** The Triput class frigates follow the Teg and Talwar class ships acquired from Russia. ** This marks the first indigenous construction of frigates by an Indian shipyard. ** Triput class ships are designed for combat against enemy surface ships, submarines, and aircraft. 5. Stinger Missile: ** NATO signed $700 mn Stinger Missile contract for defence boost. ** The Stinger is a portable surface-to-air defense system that can be carried and fired by troops or mounted to a vehicle and used as short-range defense against aircraft, developed by the United States. ** Stinger missiles are primarily designed to engage and destroy aircraft, including helicopters and low-flying planes. They are instrumental in protecting troops and critical assets from airborne attacks. ** India has approved the acquisition of an Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS), which includes the deployment of Stinger missiles. 6. Typhon Weapons System: ** The Philippine Army has announced that the **Typhon Weapons System**, a highly advanced military tool used by the United States in joint exercises, is set to be withdrawn from the country. ** This development comes amid rising tensions in the Indo-Pacific region and concerns raised by China regarding its deployment. ** The Typhon, also known as the Strategic Mid-Range Fires (SMRF) System, is an integrated weapons platform developed by the United States Navy.

5. Ramanujan Machine: • Scientists from Technion — Israel Institute of Technology have developed a concept and named it Ramanujan Machine, after the Indian mathematician, Srinivasa Ramanujan. • The Ramanujan ‘machine’ is not really a machine but is an algorithm (a concept) that automatically generates conjectures for fundamental constants (like pi). • Conjectures are mathematical statements which are proposed as true statements. In other words, they are mathematical statements that are, as yet, unproven.