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864
Until recently it was thought that ink used before the sixteenth century did not contain copper traces. However, a new type of analysis detected copper traces in the ink of the famous manuscript of Homer’s Iliad produced by the scholar Demetrios & in that of another fifteenth-century manuscript known as H-36, though not in the ink of any of numerous other fifteenth-century manuscripts analyzed. This finding is of great significance, since it not only strongly supports the hypothesis that H-36 was produced by Demetrios but also shows that the presence of copper traces in the ink of the purportedly fifteenth-century Aegean Map can no longer be regarded as a reason for doubting the map’s authenticity.
The reasoning in the passage is vulnerable to criticism on the ground that
A. if the technology that makes it possible to detect copper traces in ink has only recently become available, it is unlikely that scribes or artists in the fifteenth century would know whether their ink contained copper traces or not
B. it is unreasonable to suppose that determination of the date & location of a document's production can be made solely on the basis of the presence or absence of a single element in the ink used in the document
C. the results of the analysis are interpreted as indicating that the use of copper traces as an ingredient in fifteenth-century ink both was, & was not, extremely restricted
D. both H-36 & the Aegean Map are objects that can be appreciated on their own merits whether or not the precise date of their creation or the identity of the person who made them is known
E. the discovery of copper traces in the ink of the Aegean Map must have occurred before copper traces were discovered in the ink of the Iliad manuscript & H-36
864
Biologists have noted reproductive abnormalities in fish that are immediately downstream of paper mills. One possible cause is dioxin, which paper mills release daily & which can alter the concentration of hormones in fish. However, dioxin is unlikely to be the cause, since the fish recover normal hormone concentrations relatively quickly during occasional mill shutdowns & dioxin decomposes very slowly in the environment.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Some of the studies that show that fish recover quickly during shutdowns were funded by paper manufacturers.
B. The rate at which dioxin decomposes varies depending on the conditions to which it is exposed.
C. Some of the fish did not recover rapidly from the physiological changes that were induced by the changes in hormone concentrations.
D. The connection between hormone concentrations & reproductive abnormalities is not thoroughly understood.
E. Normal river currents carry the dioxin present in the river far downstream in a few hours.
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