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📚 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 📚 Matter: Anything that exhibits inertia is called matter. The quantity of matter is its mass. Classification of Matter:- Based on chemical composition of various substances. 📍Elements: ➖It is the simplest form of the matter. ➖Smallest unit of an element is known as atom. ➖Total number of the known elements is 118 out of which 98 elements occur naturally and 20 are formed by artificial transmutation. ➖Examples: Na, K, Mg. Al, Si, P, C, F, Br etc. 📍Compound: ➖It is a non-elemental pure compound. ➖Formed by chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in a fixed ratio. ➖Examples: H2O, CO2, C6H12O6 etc. 📍Mixture: ➖Formed by physical combination of two or more pure substances in any ratio. ➖Chemical identity of the pure components remains maintained in mixtures. ➖Homogeneous mixtures are those whose composition for each part remains constant. ➖Example, Aqueous and gaseous solution. ➖Heterogeneous mixtures are those whose composition may vary for each and every part. ➖Example, Soil and concrete mixtures. 🧩Dalton’s Atomic Theory: ➖Every matter consists of indivisible atoms. ➖Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed. ➖Atoms of a given element are identical in properties ➖ Atoms of different elements differ in properties. ➖Atoms of different elements combine in a fixed ratio to form molecule of a compound. 🧩Precision and Accuracy: ➖Precision: Closeness of outcomes of different measurements taken for the same quantity. ➖Accuracy: Agreement of experimental value to the true value 🧩Laws of Chemical Combination: ➖Law of conservation of mass: “For any chemical change total mass of active reactants are always equal to the mass of the product formed” ➖Law of constant proportions: “A chemical compound always contains same elements in definite proportion by mass and it does not depend on the source of compound”. ➖Law of multiple proportions: “When two elements combine to form two or more than two different compounds then the different masses of one element B which combine with fixed mass of the other element bear a simple ratio to one another” ➖Law of reciprocal proportion: “ If two elements B and C react with the same mass of a third element (A), the ratio in which they do so will be the same or simple multiple if B and C reacts with each other”. ➖Gay Lussac’s law of combining volumes: “At given temperature and pressure the volumes of all gaseous reactants and products bear a simple whole number ratio to each other”. Join our Educational Channels: ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 📚JOIN: @Educational_Question 📚JOIN: @Et_Study_Notes 📚JOIN: @Oromia_Educational_News 📚JOIN: @AmboIfaBoru 📚JOIN: @General_questions_always

A: What are you doing this summer after the school term ends? B: I’m joining Bright Codes Academy to learn programming online and build real-life projects! No wasting time this summer — just learning, building, and leveling up your future. No other plan matters! Let this summer be the one where you upgrade your skills and stand out. Join us. Learn smart. Build real. Bright Codes Academy – Coming Soon! @Bright_Codes_Academy

Coming Soon from Bright Codes Academy! Learn Web Development, Python, Telegram Bots & Machine Learning – The Practical Way 🚀 Want to learn tech skills that actually matter? Bright Codes Academy is launching beginner-friendly courses designed to help you learn by doing, not just watching. Courses Offered: 👉Web Development 👉Python Programming 👉Telegram Bot Development with Telebot 👉Machine Learning for Beginners What Makes Bright Codes Academy Different? ✅ Project-Based Learning – You’ll build tons of real, hands-on projects in every course 💸 Affordable Pricing – Low-cost courses so every student can access quality education 📜 Certificate of Completion – Earn a certificate at the end of each course to showcase your skills 🏆 Special Rewards – Top-performing students will receive exclusive rewards and recognition ⏳ Coming Soon – Stay Tuned! Learn. Build. Grow. Get Rewarded. @Bright_Codes_Academy @Bright_Codes_Academy

የ2017 ትምህርት ዘመን ኢትዮጵያ ሁለተኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት ማጠናቀቂ (12ኛ ክፍል) ፈተና የሚሰጥበት መርሃ ግብር ተገለጸ፡፡ ፈተናው ከሰኔ 23/2017 ዓ/ም ጀምሮ እስከ ሐምሌ 8/2017 ዓ/ም የሚሰጥ ሲሆን በወረቀት የሚፈተኑ የተፈጥሮ ሳይንስ ተፈታኞች ሰኔ 21 እና 22/2017 ዓ/ም እንዲሁም የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ተፈታኞች ሰኔ 29 እና 30/2017 ዓ/ም ወደሚፈተኑበት ዩኒቨርሲቲ የሚገቡ ይሆናል፡፡ በበይነ መረብ የሚፈተኑ ተፈታኞች ከመኖሪያ ቤታቸው በየቀኑ እየተመላለሱ በተመደቡበት መፈተኛ ማዕከል የሚፈተኑ ሲሆን ዝርዝር መርሃ ግብሩ በሚከተለው ሠንጠረዥ ተገልጿል፡፡ የፈተናው ይዘት በተማሪው መጽሐፍ ላይ ያተኮረ በመሆኑ እያንዳንዱ ተፈታኝ በትምህርት ቤቱ የተማረበትን የተማሪ መጽሐፍ መሠረት አድርጎ ተገቢ የሆኑ አጋዥ መጽሐፍትን ለበለጠ እውቀትና መረዳት በመጠቀም እንዲዘጋጅ እናበረታታለን፡፡ በፈተና ወቅት ለፈተና ስርቆትና ኩረጃ የሚውሉ ማንኛውንም ቁሳቁሶች መጠቀም የተከለከለ ነው፡፡ ዝርዝሩ በቀጣይ የሚገለጽ ይሆናል፡፡ የትምህርት ምዘናና ፈተናዎች አገልግሎት ግንቦት 01/2017 ዓ/ም Join our Educational Channels: ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 📚JOIN: @Educational_Question 📚JOIN: @Et_Study_Notes 📚JOIN: @Oromia_Educational_News 📚JOIN: @AmboIfaBoru 📚JOIN: @General_questions_always

ሚያዝያ 29/2017 ዓ.ም የ2017 ዓ.ም የትምህርት ዘመን የ12ኛ ክፍል ሀገር አቀፍ ፈታና ተፈታኝ ተማሪዎች ከዚህ በታች የተቀመጠውን ሊንክ በመጫን ለፈተና በቂ ዝግጅት ለማድረግ የሚያስችሉ ትምህርቶችን ማግኘት የምትችሉ መሆኑን እናሳውቃለን፡፡ https://examinfo.moe.gov.et/guides Join our Educational Channels: ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 📚JOIN: @Educational_Question 📚JOIN: @Et_Study_Notes 📚JOIN: @Oromia_Educational_News 📚JOIN: @AmboIfaBoru 📚JOIN: @General_questions_always

Hey everyone! INSA's 4th round summer camp registration is open! If you're into web development, Android development, cybersecurity, embedded systems, or astronomy, you should totally register to snag a spot. You'll actually choose your specific area of focus when you register unlike in previous years when we chose our specializations at the camp. There are lots of field options! I was in the 3rd batch, and it was awesome, I learned so much. Best of all, the community is incredible. You'll meet tons of people who share your interests and have a really great experience. There's no age limit, so anyone can apply. Having some previous projects under your belt will definitely give you a boost in the selection process. Here's the registration link. Take some time to get everything together before you submit the https://talent.insa.gov.et @Bright_Codes @Bright_Codes

CELL CYCLE: THE CIRCLE OF LIFE 🔄🌳 Grade 10, Unit 4 - Cell Reproduction(New) Cells are like tiny, bustling cities, constantly growing, working, and reproducing! 🏙️ I. Interphase: The City That Never Sleeps 🌃 (Analogy: Interphase is like a city preparing for a major event – stocking up on supplies, duplicating blueprints, and checking infrastructure.) G1 (Gap 1):  Growth and Normal Business:  The cell grows in size, carries out its normal functions, and produces proteins. Think: Shops are open, factories are producing goods, and the city is bustling with activity. 🏪 S (Synthesis): DNA Replication: The cell replicates its DNA, creating an exact copy of its genetic material. Think: The city archives are duplicating all important documents to ensure there's a backup. 📑 G2 (Gap 2): Final Preparations: The cell continues to grow, checks for any DNA replication errors, and prepares for cell division. Think: Final safety inspections, stocking up on extra supplies, and ensuring everything is ready for the big event. ✅ 🚨Important Note: Cells spend most of their lives in interphase – it's the longest phase of the cell cycle! II. Mitosis: The Duplication Machine 🏭 (Analogy: Mitosis is like a highly efficient factory producing two identical products from a blueprint.) 1.  Prophase: Setting Up the Assembly Line: Chromosomes condense (become visible like individual parts), the nuclear envelope breaks down (the factory walls disappear), and spindle fibers form (like conveyor belts). ⚙️ 2.  Metaphase: Parts in Position: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (parts neatly arranged on the conveyor belt). ⛓️ 3.  Anaphase: Separating the Components: Sister chromatids (identical copies of each chromosome) separate and move to opposite ends of the cell (identical products moving along the conveyor belt in opposite directions). ➡️➡️ 4.  Telophase: Packaging and Delivery: Two new nuclei form (like two new factory buildings), chromosomes unwind (parts disassembled for packaging), and cytokinesis (cell division) begins, splitting the cell into two identical daughter cells (two finished products ready for delivery). 📦📦 III. Meiosis: The Remix Factory 🎧 (Analogy: Meiosis is like a design studio creating unique, limited-edition products with variations and custom features.)    Purpose: To produce gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.    Meiosis I: The First Round – Diversification:        Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes (pairs from each parent) pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over (designers brainstorming and sharing ideas). 💡 This creates genetic diversity.        Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs line up in the middle.        Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate (different design elements are separated).        Telophase I: Two haploid cells form (each with a unique set of design elements).    Meiosis II: The Second Round – Production: Similar to mitosis, sister chromatids separate, resulting in four genetically unique haploid cells (gametes – four unique, finished products). Meiosis ensures that each individual is genetically unique, contributing to the beautiful tapestry of life! Join our Educational Channels: ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 📚JOIN: @Educational_Question 📚JOIN: @Et_Study_Notes 📚JOIN: @Oromia_Educational_News 📚JOIN: @AmboIfaBoru 📚JOIN: @General_questions_always

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