Class 12 11 10 CUET Notes CBSE

🌟Trick for S.A. , S.B  & W.A , W.B🌟 👉STRONG ACID💪 Remember 7 strong acid... Out of those, 4 acid are made up of halogen so it is simple eg. HCl, HBr, HI , HF For remaining 3 acid, remember the subscipts 2,3,4 eg. H2SO4 , HCLO3, HCLO4 And all types of salt It works for me❤️ 👉WEAK ACID 🫠 Those acid who don't comes under the 7 names of above strong acid can be considered as weak acid... They includes oxyacids of P and many more 👉STRONG BASE 💪 Any soluble salt that contains hydroxide are strong base ALL ALKALI METAL HYDROXIDE except - Ba(OH)2 Alkali metal = group 1 members 👉WEAK BASE 🫠 ALL ALKALINE EARTH METAL HYDROXIDE except Ba(OH)2 ,all organic base. Alkaline earth metals - group -2 members

✅ वैधुत रसायन 👉 वैद्युत ऊर्जा एवं रासायनिक ऊर्जा के परस्पर संबंध का अध्ययन रसायन विज्ञान की जिस शाखा मे किया जाता है। उसे वैद्युत रसायन कहते है। सेल दो प्रकार का होता है: (1) विद्युत रासायनिक सैल (2) विद्युत अपघटनी सेल 1👉वह युक्ति जो रासायनिक ऊर्जा को विद्युत ऊर्जा में परिवर्तित करने का कार्य करती है उसे वैद्युत रासायनिक सेल कहलाता है , इस सेल को गेल्वनी अथवा वोल्टीय सेल भी कहा जाता है। 2👉वह सेल जो विद्युत ऊर्जा को रासायनिक ऊर्जा में परिवर्तित कर देता है , उसे विद्युत अपघटनी सेल कहते है ✅डेनियल सेल इस सेल में दो छड ली जाती है एक छड Zn की अर्थात जिंक की और दूसरी छड Cu की अर्थात कॉपर की लेते है , जिंक की छड को जिंक सल्फेट (ZnSO4) के विलयन में रखा जाता है और कॉपर की छड को कॉपर सल्फेट (CuSO4) के विलयन में रखा जाता है। दोनों अर्द्ध सेलो की विद्युत उदासीनता बनाये रखने के लिए अगर-अगर जेल से भरी एक u आकार की नली जोड़ी जाती है , इसको KCl द्वारा संतृप्त किया जाता है , इसे लवण सेतु (salt bridge) कहा जाता है। जब जिंक और कॉपर की छड को किसी धातु के तार द्वारा जोड़ा जाता है तो यहाँ इलेक्ट्रान का प्रवाह जिंक छड से कॉपर छड की तरफ होता है , जिंक इलेक्ट्रॉन त्यागने के कारण Zn2+ आयन के रूप में विलयन में जाने लगता है और दूसरी तरफ कॉपर (Cu) , इलेक्ट्रॉन ग्रहण करने के कारण Cu2- आयन रूप में इलेक्ट्रोड पर जमा होने लगता है। दोनों इलेक्ट्रोड पर निम्न अभिक्रियाएँ संपन्न होती है – जिंक की छड पर या इलेक्ट्रोड पर संपन्न होने वाली अभिक्रिया निम्न है – Zn → Zn2+ + 2e (ऑक्सीकरण) कॉपर (Cu) की इलेक्ट्रोड पर संपन्न होने वाली अभिक्रिया – Cu2+ + 2e → Cu (अपचयन) दोनों इलेक्ट्रोड पर सम्मिलित रूप से अर्थात सम्पूर्ण सेल की सम्पूर्ण अभिक्रिया को निम्न प्रकार लिखा जा सकता है – Zn + Cu2+ → Cu + Zn2+ याद रखे कि जिस छड पर ऑक्सीकरण होता है उस छड को एनोड (anode) तथा जिस छड पर अपचयन होता है उस छड को कैथोड (cathode) कहते है , यहाँ Zn वाली छड को एनोड कहा जता है और Cu वाली छड को कैथोड कहते है। चूँकि यहाँ इलेक्ट्रॉन का प्रवाह जिंक छड से कॉपर की छड की तरह होता है और हम जानते है कि धारा की दिशा इलेक्ट्रॉनों के प्रवाह की दिशा के विपरीत होता है , इसलिए यहाँ धारा का प्रवाह कॉपर इलेक्ट्रोड से जिंक एलेक्ट्रोड़ की तरफ होता है। ⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉༄༄༄⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉⑉ 🤗MUST SHARE WITH FRIENDS 🤠

🔰Carbon and its Compounds🔰 ✍️ Introduction ➖Carbon plays very important roles for all living beings. ➖The amount of carbon in the earth’s crust is merely 0.02%, which is available in the form of minerals such as carbonates, hydrogen-carbonates, coal, and petroleum. ➖The presence of carbon in the atmosphere of the earth is 0.03%, in the form of carbon dioxide. ✍️ Compounds of Carbon ➖Almost all carbon compounds (except a few) are poor conductors of the electricity. ➖The diamond and graphite both are formed by carbon atoms; however, the difference lies between them in the manner in which the carbon atoms are bonded to one another. ➖In diamond, each atom of the carbon, is bonded to four other carbon atoms and form a rigid three-dimensional structure. ➖In graphite, each atom of the carbon, is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane, which gives a hexagonal array. ➖There is also difference in some physical structure of diamond and graphite. ➖Diamond is the hardest substance known whereas graphite is smooth and slippery substance. ➖Graphite is good conductor of electricity whereas diamond is not. ➖The compounds, which has identical molecular formula, but different structures, are known as structural isomers. ➖The saturated hydrocarbons are known as alkanes. ➖The unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise of one or more double bonds, are known as alkenes. ➖The unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise of one or more triple bonds, are known as alkynes. ✍️ Use of Alcohol as Fuel ➖Sugarcane plants very efficient convert sunlight into chemical energy and its juice can be used to prepare molasses. ➖When molasses is fermented, it produces alcohol (ethanol). ➖Some of the countries now using alcohol as an additive in petrol, as it is a cleaner fuel. ➖These alcohol, on burning in sufficient air (oxygen), gives rise to only carbon dioxide and water. ✍️ Esters ➖Esters are sweet-smelling substances, which are most commonly formed by reaction of an acid and an alcohol. ➖When esters react in the presence of an acid or a base, it gives back the alcohol and carboxylic acid. ➖The reaction of esters with an acid or a base, is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap. ➖The molecules of soap normally are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. ➖Interestingly, the ionic-end of soap dissolves in water whereas the carbon chain dissolves in oil. This typical features of the soap molecules forms structures known as micelles. ➖In micelles, one end of the molecules is towards the oil droplet whereas the ionic-end remains outside. ➖The soap micelle helps in dissolving the dirt in water; likewise, the clothes get cleaned. ➖On the other hand, detergents are usually ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids, which remain effective even in hard water. ➖Detergents are customarily used to make shampoos and some other products for cleaning clothes.

Electric Charges and Fields 1. Electric Charge Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electric and magnetic effect. 2. Conductors and Insulators Those substances which readily allow the passage of electricity through them are called conductors, e.g. metals, the earth and those substances which offer high resistance to the passage of electricity are called insulators, e.g. plastic rod and nylon. 3. Transference of electrons is the cause of frictional electricity. 4. Additivity of Charges- Charge are scalars and they add up like real numbers. It means if a system consists of n charges q1, q2, q3 , … ,qn, then total charge of the system will be q1 +q2 + … +qn. 5. Conservation of Charge The total charge of an isolated system is always conserved, i.e. initial and final charge of the system will be same. 6. Quantisation of Charge -Charge exists in discrete amount rather than continuous value and hence, quantised. Mathematically, charge on an object, q=±ne where, n is an integer and e is electronic charge. When any physical quantity exists in discrete packets rather than in continuous amount, the quantity is said to be quantised. Hence, charge is quantised. 7. Units of Charge (i) SI unit coulomb (C) (ii) CGS system (a) electrostatic unit, esu of charge or stat-coulomb (stat-C) (b) electromagnetic unit, emu of charge or ab-C (ab-coulomb) 1 ab-C = 10 C, 1 C = 3 x 109 stat-C

🔰 Hydrocarbons 🔰 Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms. They are the most basic and abundant type of organic compounds, and they serve as the building blocks for a variety of other organic compounds. There are two main types of hydrocarbons: 👉🏻 Alkanes: Alkanes are the simplest type of hydrocarbons and have only single bonds between their carbon atoms. They are also referred to as "saturated hydrocarbons" because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible for a given number of carbon atoms. Examples of alkanes include methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8). 👉🏻 Alkenes: Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond between their carbon atoms. They are referred to as "unsaturated hydrocarbons" because they contain fewer hydrogen atoms than the maximum possible for a given number of carbon atoms. Examples of alkenes include ethene (C2H4) and propene (C3H6). Hydrocarbons are important as sources of energy, and they play a key role in many industrial processes, including the production of fuels, plastics, and synthetic materials. They are also used as solvents and as raw materials for the synthesis of a wide range of other organic compounds.

Learn P Block Elements - Periodic Table Funny mnemonics which will help you learn periodic table easily

Learn D Block Elements - Periodic Table Funny mnemonics which will help you learn periodic table easily

🌟Trick for S.A. , S.B  & W.A , W.B🌟 👉STRONG ACID💪 Remember 7 strong acid... Out of those, 4 acid are made up of halogen so it is simple eg. HCl, HBr, HI , HF For remaining 3 acid, remember the subscipts 2,3,4 eg. H2SO4 , HCLO3, HCLO4 And all types of salt It works for me❤️ 👉WEAK ACID 🫠 Those acid who don't comes under the 7 names of above strong acid can be considered as weak acid... They includes oxyacids of P and many more 👉STRONG BASE 💪 Any soluble salt that contains hydroxide are strong base ALL ALKALI METAL HYDROXIDE except - Ba(OH)2 Alkali metal = group 1 members 👉WEAK BASE 🫠 ALL ALKALINE EARTH METAL HYDROXIDE except Ba(OH)2 ,all organic base. Alkaline earth metals - group -2 members