Aman Dhattarwal | Apni Kaksha

Hello Baccho .... Guys hum log ek particular channel create kr rhe hai jisme hum log Short tricks for PCB , handwritten notes, formula books, quizzes, test series and or bhi bhot kuch jo aapke NEET 2022 preparation mai very beneficial hoga so aap jldi se jake check karo at least From tuesday Special biology free classes on unacademy also available Stay tuned# 👇👇 https://t.me/Varish_biology https://t.me/Varish_biology https://t.me/Varish_biology

🔥🔥 General organic chemistry [Hand written notes] 🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉 🔻🔻For more join https://t.me/byjus_aakash https://t.me/aakash_study_material https://t.me/aman_dhattarwal_apni_kakshaa

🔥Notes on Biotechnology🔥 ©™✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ 🤷Steps of recombinant DNA technology (1) Isolating a useful DNA segment from the donor organism. (2) Splicing it into a suitable vector under conditions to ensure that each vector receives no more than one DNA fragment. (3) Producing of multiple copies of his recombinant DNA. (4) Inserting this altered DNA into a recipient organism. (5) Screening of the transformed cells. 🤷Vectors: 🔻Vector in genetic engineering is usually a DNA segment used as a carrier for transferring selected DNA into living cells. These are as follows: (1) Plasmid: Plasmid is extra chromosomal, closed circular double stranded molecules of DNA present in most eukaryotes. All plasmid carry replicons pieces of DNA that have the genetic information required to replicate. Plasmid pBR 322 was one of the first widely used cloning vectors, it contain both ampicillin and tetracycline resistance genes. (2) Phage: It is constructed from the phage l chromosomes and acts as bacteriophage cloning vectors. (3) Cosmid: The hybrids between plasmid and the phage l chromosome give rise to cosmid vectors. (4) Beside all these there are artificial chromosomes like (i) BACs (Bacterial Artificial chromosomes) (ii) YACs (Yeast Artificial chromosomes) (iii) MACs (Mammalian Artificial chromosomes) are very efficient vectors for eukaryotic gene transfers. 🔻Application of recombinant DNA technology: The technique of recombinant DNA can be employed in the following ways. (1) It can be used to elucidate molecular events in the biological process such as cellular differentiation and ageing. The same can be used for making gene maps with precision (2) In biochemical and pharmaceutical industry, by engineering genes, useful chemical compounds can be produced cheaply and efficiently which is shown in table.

𝙋𝙃𝙔𝙇𝙐𝙈 𝙃𝙀𝙈𝙄𝘾𝙃𝙊𝙍𝘿𝘼𝙏𝘼:- ⚜Hemichordata (Hemi – half; chordata- notochord) was earlier placed as a sub-phylum under Phylum-Chordata. But, now it is considered as a separate phylum under Non-chordata. These are also called half chordates. This phylum consists of a small group of worm-like animal. ⚜General Features Some important general features of phylum—hemichordata are discussed below:- i. Habit and Habitat They are exclusive marine and mostly live in burrows. ii. Symmetry and Body Organisation They are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. They have organ system level of organisation. iii. Body Form They are soft-bodied, cylindrical and unsegmented body is divisible into proboscis, collar and trunk. The body cavity is true coelom. A true notochord is absent. iv. Digestive Systems Digestive system is complete. v.Respiraton Respiration occurs through several pair of gill slits or through the general body surface. vi. Circulatory System It contains a dorsal heart and is open type. vii. Excretory system It consists of proboscis gland. viii. Nervous system It is primitive, consists mainly of an intraepidermal nerve plexus. ix. Sensation Sensory cells of the epidermis act as sense organs. x. Reproduction It is mostly sexual. Sexes are separate. Development is indirect with tornaria larva. is the connecting link between echinoderms and chordates. e.g., Balanoglossus (acorn or tongue worm), Saccoglossus, Cephalodiscus, etc.

🎲 Quiz '#SAKSHAM "TANSPORT IN PLANTS" #NEET_UG🌼 #0312 (@yakeen2022_quiz)🔰' Topic included- short distance transport , facilitated diffusion , active transport , water potential , osmosis , plasmolysis , imbibition , long distance transport , bulk flow , transport of water , transport through xylem , root pressure , DPD , transpiration pull , transpiration , opening and closing of stomata , phloem transport , mineral transport.. 🖊 178 questions · ⏱ 30 sec

🎁PRIZE WALA QUIZ🎁 RANK 1-5 WILL RECEIVE AMAZING GIFT🤩 INVITE CODE - 10VJ QUIZ ID - 693338 TIME - 8:00 PM TODAY ⌚️ TOPIC - LIVING WORLD AND BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

🔥🔥Notes on Chemical Bonding🔥🔥 ©™✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓ 🔻Chemical bond:- Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule. There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Co-ordinate Bond. 🔻Octet Rule: Atoms form chemical bonds in order to complete their octet i.e. eight electrons in their valence shell. 🔥Lewis Structures: Pair of bonded electrons is by means of a ‘dash’ (-) usually called a ‘bond’. Lone pairs or ‘non-bonded’ electrons are represented by ‘dots’. Electrons present in the last shell of atoms are called valence electrons. ✌️Exceptions to the Octet Rule: 🔻Species with odd number of electrons: NO, NO2, 🔻Incomplete octet for the central atom: LiCl, BeH2 and BCl3 🔻Expanded octet for the central atom: PF5, SF6 and H2SO4 🔻Formal Charge: Formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons in an isolated atom and number of electrons assigned to that atoms in Lewis structure. Formal charge = [Total number of valence electrons in the free atom ) - (Total number of lone pairs of electrons) -1/2(Total number of shared electrons i.e. bonding electrons)] 🔥Resonance: For molecules and ions showing resonance it is not possible to draw a single Lewis structure. All the properties of such species can only be explained by two or more Lewis structures. Example: Resonance of O3 🔥Ionic Bonding: 🔻Formation of Ionic Bond: Formation of ionic bond takes place between a metal and a non-metal by transfer of electron. Formation of gaseous cations A(g) + I.E. → A+ (g) + e 🔥Ionization Energy Formation of gaseous anions X(g) + e → X- (g) + E.A 🔥Electron Affinity Packing of ions of opposite charges to form ionic solids A+ (g) + X- (g) →AX (s) +Energy 🔥Lattice energy Conditions required of formation of ionic bonds: 🔻Low I.E of cation. 🔻High E.A of anion. 🔻High lattice energy. ⚡Covalent Bonding: Covalent bond is formed between two non-metals by sharing of electrons. 🔻Electron pairs which participate in bonding are called bond pairs. 🔻Electron pairs which do not participate in bonding are called lone pairs. There could be single, double or triple covalent bonds between two elements depending on the number of electrons being shared. 🔥VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory: The shape of the molecule is determined by repulsions between all of the electron pairs present in the valence shell. 🔻Order of the repulsion: Lone pair.Lone pair > Lone pair. Bond pair > Bond pair. Bond pair. 🌡️Repulsion among the bond pairs is directly proportional to the bond order and electronegativity difference between the central atom and the other atoms.

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