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*IJMB CHEMISTRY II* *QUESTION FOUR* (4ai) Stereoisomers are compounds having the same molecular formula and structural formula but differ in the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of atoms or groups within the molecule, thereby giving rise to different properties. (ii) They can be distinguished by their optical activity. One stereoisomer rotates plane-polarized light in a clockwise direction while the other rotates it in an anticlockwise direction. (4b) When alanine and glycine react, condensation reaction occurs with elimination of water, leading to formation of two dipeptides: Alanyl-glycine H₂N–CH(CH₃)–CO–NH–CH₂–COOH Glycyl-alanine H₂N–CH₂–CO–NH–CH(CH₃)–COOH

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*IJMB- ISLAMIC* (1) Idol Worshipping in Pre-Islamic Arabia Idol worship in Arabia developed gradually from the original monotheism established by Prophets Ibrahim and Ismail, who built the Kaabah as a house of worship for the One God. According to the hadith tradition, the man credited with introducing idolatry into Arabia was Amr ibn Luhayy al-Khuza'i, chief of the Khuza'ah tribe, who brought an idol called Hubal from the Levant and placed it inside the Kaabah, also institutionalizing practices like the Bahirah and Sa'ibah (dedicating certain animals to idols). By the time of the Prophet's birth, idolatry had spread widely: (i) Hubal — the chief idol housed inside the Kaabah itself, made of red agate, used for divination through arrows (al-azlam). (ii) Al-Lat, Al-Uzza, and Manat — the three most prominent goddesses, mentioned in the Qur'an (Surah An-Najm), worshipped respectively at Ta'if, near Mecca, and between Mecca and Medina. (iii) Wadd, Suwa', Yaghuth, Ya'uq, and Nasr — older idols mentioned in Surah Nuh as having been worshipped even before the Flood, later reintroduced into Arab worship. Tradition records roughly 360 idols surrounding the Kaabah, one for almost every day of the lunar year. The nature of this worship was not a denial of Allah as Creator — the Qur'an itself records that the pagan Arabs acknowledged Allah as the ultimate Creator and Sustainer (Surah Az-Zumar 39:3, Surah Al-Ankabut 29:61) — but they took the idols as intermediaries (intercessors) believed to bring them closer to Allah. Each tribe often had its own idol, kept either at home or at shrines; idol worship also involved animal sacrifice, circumambulation (tawaf), and offerings, and was tied closely to tribal identity, the pilgrimage economy of Mecca, and the political authority of the Quraysh as custodians of the Kaabah. Stones and trees were also venerated in some cases, such as the tree known as Dhat Anwat.

*IJMB CHEMISTRY I* *NUMBER SEVEN* (7) (i) They have one valence electron: Each Group 1 element has only one electron in its outermost shell, which they readily lose during chemical reactions. (ii) They are highly reactive metals: They react vigorously with water, oxygen, and other non-metals. Their reactivity increases down the group. (iii) They form positive ions (+1): Since they lose one electron easily, they form univalent cations with a charge of +1. (iv) They are soft and have low densities: Group 1 metals are soft enough to be cut with a knife and are generally less dense than most other metals. (v) They form alkaline hydroxides: When they react with water, they produce soluble hydroxides that are strongly alkaline, which is why they are called alkali metals.

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*IJMB CHEMISTRY I* *NUMBER NINE* (9a) The inert pair effect is the tendency of the outermost s-electrons (ns² electrons) in heavier elements to remain unshared or inactive in chemical bonding. As a result, these electrons do not participate readily in bond formation, leading to the stability of lower oxidation states. (9bi) NH₃ Let the oxidation state of N = x x + 3(+1) = 0 x + 3 = 0 x = -3 ∴ Oxidation state of nitrogen = –3 (9bii) NH₂OH Let the oxidation state of N = x x + 3(+1) + (-2) = 0 x + 1 = 0 x = -1 ∴ Oxidation state of nitrogen = –1 (9biii) N₂ Since N₂ is an element in its free state, its oxidation state is 0. ∴ Oxidation state of nitrogen = 0

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No 7

*IJMB LITERATURE* *NUMBER TWO* (2) Characterisation is the literary technique through which an author creates, develops, and reveals the personalities, attitudes, behaviours, and roles of characters in a literary work. It helps to show how characters influence the plot, themes, and overall meaning of the text. (i) Winston Smith: Winston Smith is the protagonist of the novel and serves as the main symbol of resistance against the Party's oppressive rule. He secretly questions the authority of Big Brother, keeps a forbidden diary, and searches for truth in a society built on lies and manipulation. Through his actions, Orwell exposes the dangers of totalitarianism and the suppression of individual freedom. Winston's struggle highlights the conflict between personal liberty and state control. (ii) Julia: Julia plays the role of Winston's lover and fellow rebel against the Party. Although she is less concerned with political ideology than Winston, she rejects the Party's restrictions on personal relationships and human desires. Her secret affair with Winston provides emotional support and temporary happiness in a society dominated by fear and surveillance. Through Julia, Orwell demonstrates the human desire for love, freedom, and personal fulfillment despite oppressive conditions. (iii) O'Brien: O'Brien functions as a powerful representative of the Party and its ideology. Initially, he appears to be an ally who shares Winston's dissatisfaction with the government, leading Winston to trust him. However, he later reveals himself as a loyal Party official who participates in Winston's arrest and torture. O'Brien's role is crucial in demonstrating the Party's ability to deceive, manipulate, and completely dominate the minds of its citizens. He embodies the intellectual and psychological power of totalitarian authority. (iv) Big Brother: Big Brother serves as the symbolic leader of the Party and the embodiment of absolute political control. Although his physical existence remains uncertain, his image is constantly displayed throughout Oceania, reminding citizens that they are always being watched. His role is to inspire obedience, fear, and unquestioning loyalty among the people. Through Big Brother, Orwell illustrates how dictatorships use propaganda, surveillance, and personality cults to maintain power and suppress opposition.

*IJMB LITERATURE* *NUMBER NINE* (9) God's Bit of Wood by Sembene Ousmane and A Grain of Wheat by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o are similar because both novels focus on the African struggle against colonial domination. In God's Bit of Wood, the railway workers unite to resist French colonial exploitation through a strike, while in A Grain of Wheat, the Kenyan people struggle against British colonial rule during the Mau Mau liberation movement. Both authors portray the desire for freedom, justice, and human dignity as major motivations for resistance against oppression. Another similarity is the emphasis on collective action and sacrifice. In God's Bit of Wood, workers, women, and community members endure hunger and hardship to sustain the strike. Similarly, in A Grain of Wheat, many characters sacrifice their comfort, freedom, and even their lives for the cause of independence. Through these sacrifices, both novels highlight the importance of unity and commitment in achieving national liberation. The two novels also explore the themes of betrayal and loyalty. In God's Bit of Wood, some individuals attempt to weaken the workers' struggle by cooperating with colonial authorities. Likewise, in A Grain of Wheat, Mugo's betrayal of Kihika becomes a central issue in the narrative. In both novels, betrayal threatens collective efforts, while loyalty strengthens the struggle against oppression. However, the novels differ in their primary focus. God's Bit of Wood concentrates mainly on a workers' strike and the collective resistance of ordinary people against economic exploitation. The narrative highlights group action and social solidarity. In contrast, A Grain of Wheat focuses more on the psychological experiences of individuals during and after the struggle for independence. It examines personal guilt, betrayal, and the emotional consequences of political conflict. Another difference lies in narrative structure. God's Bit of Wood follows a largely straightforward chronological sequence of events surrounding the strike. A Grain of Wheat, on the other hand, makes extensive use of flashback to reveal past events gradually. This technique allows Ngũgĩ to uncover hidden truths about characters and create suspense throughout the novel. Furthermore, the settings differ. God's Bit of Wood is set in French West Africa and reflects the conditions of colonial labour exploitation. A Grain of Wheat is set in Kenya during the period leading to independence and focuses on the effects of the Mau Mau rebellion. While both settings portray colonial oppression, they reflect different historical and political circumstances. In conclusion, both novels examine colonial oppression, resistance, sacrifice, loyalty, and the quest for freedom. However, while God's Bit of Wood emphasizes collective struggle and workers' solidarity, A Grain of Wheat gives greater attention to individual experiences, moral conflicts, and the psychological effects of the independence struggle. These similarities and differences make both novels important contributions to African literature.

*IJMB LITERATURE* *NUMBER THREE* (3) Characterisation is the literary technique through which an author creates, develops, and reveals the personalities, attitudes, behaviours, and roles of characters in a literary work. It helps to show how characters influence the plot, themes, and overall meaning of the text. (i) Winston Smith: Winston Smith is the protagonist of the novel and serves as the main symbol of resistance against the Party's oppressive rule. He secretly questions the authority of Big Brother, keeps a forbidden diary, and searches for truth in a society built on lies and manipulation. Through his actions, Orwell exposes the dangers of totalitarianism and the suppression of individual freedom. Winston's struggle highlights the conflict between personal liberty and state control. (ii) Julia: Julia plays the role of Winston's lover and fellow rebel against the Party. Although she is less concerned with political ideology than Winston, she rejects the Party's restrictions on personal relationships and human desires. Her secret affair with Winston provides emotional support and temporary happiness in a society dominated by fear and surveillance. Through Julia, Orwell demonstrates the human desire for love, freedom, and personal fulfillment despite oppressive conditions. (iii) O'Brien: O'Brien functions as a powerful representative of the Party and its ideology. Initially, he appears to be an ally who shares Winston's dissatisfaction with the government, leading Winston to trust him. However, he later reveals himself as a loyal Party official who participates in Winston's arrest and torture. O'Brien's role is crucial in demonstrating the Party's ability to deceive, manipulate, and completely dominate the minds of its citizens. He embodies the intellectual and psychological power of totalitarian authority. (iv) Big Brother: Big Brother serves as the symbolic leader of the Party and the embodiment of absolute political control. Although his physical existence remains uncertain, his image is constantly displayed throughout Oceania, reminding citizens that they are always being watched. His role is to inspire obedience, fear, and unquestioning loyalty among the people. Through Big Brother, Orwell illustrates how dictatorships use propaganda, surveillance, and personality cults to maintain power and suppress opposition.