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🚨 MCQ ALERT
Macrophages are NOT MHC restricted.
Macrophages kill tumor cells by nitric oxide, TNF-α, and respiratory burst.
Macrophages express Fc receptors and mediate ADCC.
IFN-γ activates macrophages.
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توضيح سلايد 3 و مهم جدا ايضا
🔹Tumor markers = tumor products (tumor antigens, enzymes, hormones).
🔹Released into:
🪽 Blood (serum)
🪽 Urine
🔹Uses:
🪽 Confirm diagnosis
🪽 Monitor response to treatment
🪽 Detect recurrence after therapy
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✨TSTA (tumour specific transplantation antigen)
🔹PSA (Prostate specific antigen)
✨ TATA (tumour associated transplantation antigens)
1-🔹AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)
→ Primary liver cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma)
🔹AFP can also be elevated in:
→ Testicular cancer
→ Ovarian cancer
→ Gastric cancer
→ Pancreatic cancer
→ Liver cirrhosis&hepatitis
2-🔹CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen)
→ Colorectal cancer
→ Pancreatic cancer
→Liver cirrhosis&Chronic lung disease
✨Tumour associated viral antigens
🔹Papova & Herpes viruses
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🪽 BCL-2 = Anti-apoptotic gene
🪽 Normal job:
Keeps cells alive when needed.
🪽 Overexpression:
Cancer cells refuse to die.
🪽 Associated with:
Cell expansion > Follicular lymphoma
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مهم
🔹P53 is a tumor suppressor gene. (Growth inhibiting)
🪽 More than 50% of
→ Breast cancer
→ Ovarian cancer
have P53 mutations.
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🪽 Herpes virus II (HSV-2)
→ Carcinoma of cervix
🪽 Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
→ Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
