Group⟨D⟩~[4th Year]^(39)

1_What is the clinical diagnosis? 2_What, s called if the  color of opacity change to black and why ? 3_What are the causes of this diagnosis generally? Answers👇 1_Nuclear cataract 2_Cataract nigra _exessive melanine depostion 3_congenital Senile _complicated and traumatic #ophthalmo_OSCE

1_What is the clinical finding?   2_What are the  complication of it? Answers👇 1_Neovascularization on the disc(NVD) 2_Vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment #ophthalmo_OSCE

1_What is the clinical diagnosis? 2_What is the pathogensis of it? 3_What is the other form of this type? The answers👇 1_hypermature (shrunken type )cataract 2_leakage of water outside lens👉shrunken and wrinkle ant -capsule 3_hypermature morgagnian cataract #ophthalmo_OSCE

1_What is the name of fundus state? 2_What is the clinical called of small red dots? Answers👇 1_background diabetic retinopathy 2_microaneurysms #ophthalmo_OSCE

1_What is the clinical diagnosis? 2_What are the types in each picture? 3_What are the symptoms of this case? Answers👇 1_Cataract 2_A-blue dot cataract B_lamellar(zonular)  cataract 3_White pupil&squint and nystagmus #ophthalmo_OSCE

1_What is the clinial diagnosis? 2_What are the clinical finding in this case?  Answers👇 1_Preproliferative diabetic retinopathy  2_ A_cotton wool spots(yellow spots) B_ dark blots hemorrhage  C_venous dilation and beading #ophthalmo_OSCE

1_What is the clinical diagnosis? 2_What are the other types of this disorder? Answers👇 1_Tractional retinal detachment 2_exudative and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment #ophthalmo_OSCE

1_What is the clinical diagnosis? 2_What are the shape of opacity in all picture? 3_What is the usually associated diseases with  opacity in picture C and E ? Answers👇 1_Cortical cataract 2_A_cuneiform cortical cataract B_flower cortical cataract mostly with trauma C_Stellate cortical cataract D_Christmas tree cortical cataract E_Snowflake cortical cataract H_Radial_spoke like cortical cataract 3_ C_myotonic dystrophy E_D. M #ophthalmo_OSCE

ال Signs حق Aphakia هي نفس sign حقPseudophakia ماعدا فرقين 📝⬇️: Signs of Aphakia: 1. Scar 2. Deep anterior chamber 3. Iridodonesis (trembling of the iris) 4. Loss of two Purkinje images (reflections seen in the eye) 5. Jet black pupil 6. Hypermetropia (farsightedness) Signs of Pseudophakia : 1. Scar 2. Deep anterior chamber 3. Iridodonesis (trembling of the iris) 4. Purkinje images are present (reflections seen in the eye) 5. Jet black pupil 6- Emmetropia #C1

من كلام الدكتور توفيق الخطيب 📝📝 Exophthalmos vs. Proptosis: • Exophthalmos: 1-An active process 2-by Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) 3-is usually axial (the eye protrudes straight forward). • Proptosis: 1-A passive process 2-not caused by TED and 3-can occur in various directions, 4-not always axial. #C1

من كلام الدكتور ابراهيم الوزير معلومات مهمة : 📝The eye of the newborn is hypermetropic and the average axial length is about 18mm.At the age of 3 years it is 23 mm 📝The lateral walls of the orbit are perpendicular to each other (90 degrees). 📝The angle between the medial and lateral walls of the orbit is 45 degrees. 📝The orbit is pyramidal in shape, with the apex located posteriorly and the base anteriorly. 📝The origins of all rectus muscles arise from the annulus of Zinn at the apex of the orbit. 📝The insertions of all rectus muscles are located in front of the equator and behind the limbus of the eye. The distances from limbus are : (MILS ) MR:5.5mm IR: 6.5 mm LR:6.9mm SR:7.7mm 📝The axis of the lateral rectus muscle is parallel to the visual axis, resulting in an angle of zero between them. Thus, it has only a primary action (abduction) and no secondary action or tertiary action 📝The axis of the medial rectus muscle is also parallel to the visual axis, resulting in an angle of zero between them. Therefore, it has only a primary action (adduction) and no secondary action. 📝. The superior rectus muscle is inserted 23 degrees laterally to the visual axis. 📝When the globe is abducted 23°, the visual and orbital axes coincide. In this position can act only as an elevator. This is therefore the optimal position of the globe for testing the function of the superior rectus muscle 📝The medial rectus and lateral have no synergistic muscles, and they have only a primary action 📝The muscle responsible for elevating the eye in primary position is the superior rectus, along with the inferior oblique. 📝The muscles responsible for depressing the eye in primary position are the inferior rectus and superior oblique. 📝The only elevator muscle in an abducted eye is the superior rectus, while the inferior oblique is the only elevator muscle in an adducted eye. 📝The only depressor muscle in an abducted eye is the inferior rectus, and in an adducted eye, it is the superior oblique. 📝The maximum action of the inferior and superior recti is observed in an abducted eye. 📝The superior oblique in an abducted eye acts as an intorter. 📝The superior rectus in an adducted eye acts as an intorter. Axes of Movements 📝 1. Elevation and Depression of the Eyeball: - Occurs around the transverse axis that passes through the equator of the eye. 2. Adduction and Abduction: - Occurs around a vertical axis that passes through the equator of the eye #eye

📝معلومات مهمة في conjunctiva Horner-Tranta Spots: Seen in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). • Cobblestone Appearance/Giant Papillae: Characteristic of VKC. • Ropy Mucoid Discharge: Observed in VKC. • Shield Ulcer: Associated with VKC. • Angular Conjunctivitis: Caused by *Moraxella axenfeld*. • Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC): Caused by Adenovirus. • Common Causes of Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis: *Echovirus*, enterovirus, Adenovirus, and Coxsackie virus. • Swimming Pool Conjunctivitis: Caused by Adenovirus or *Chlamydia trachomatis* serotypes D-K. • Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis: Characterized by a yellowish nodule at the limbus, Type 4 hypersensitivity to *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* or Staphylococcus. • Trachoma: Caused by *Chlamydia trachomatis* serotypes A, B, Ba, and C. • H-P Inclusion Bodies: Seen in Trachoma. • Sago Grain Follicles: Observed in Trachoma. • Herbert Follicles and Herbert Pits: Herbert follicles are seen in the active stage of Trachoma, while Herbert pits are seen in the healed stage. • Arlt’s Line: A feature of Trachoma. • FISTO Classification: Used for Trachoma grading. • SAFE Strategy: A public health strategy for Trachoma control (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, Environmental improvement). • Most Common Site of Pterygium: Nasal side of the eye. • Stocker’s Line: A feature seen in pterygium. • Bitot Spots: Associated with Vitamin A deficiency/Xerophthalmia. #eye

‏Causes of Granulomatous Uveitis: ‏1. Sarcoidosis ‏2. Syphilis ‏3. Tuberculosis (TB) ‏4. Leprosy ‏5. Histoplasmosis #eye

▎Conditions Associated with Bitemporal Hemianopia: 1. 3rd ventricle glioma 2. Pituitary adenoma 3. Craniopharyngioma #eye

Treatment of Hypopyon Ulcer: 1. Antibiotics 2. Antiglaucoma drugs 3. Cycloplegic drugs #eye

Indications for Keratoplasty: 1. Refractive keratoplasty 2. Therapeutic keratoplasty 3. Tectonic keratoplasty 4- cosmetics keratoplasty #eye

Causes of Irregular Astigmatism: 1. Corneal opacity 2. Pterygium 3. Keratoconus #eye

Differential Diagnosis of Color Halo Around the Light: 1. Mucopurulent conjunctivitis 2. Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) 3. Posterior subcapsular cataract 4. Keratoconus #eye

حضرت حالة إلى الطوارئ تشتكي انها ماتشوف نهائياً تم عمل لها counting finger، و hand movements, ولكن كان ردها أنها لا تشوف شيء ، مع العلم أن : 1-PL +ve 2- Fundoscopy normal 3-MRI normal ايش التشخيص ؟

شخص  تقريبا في الثلاثينات من العمر عنده bilateral esotropia وعنده cataract، والعين اليسار ما يشوف بها نهائيا , هذه الأعراض والعلامات عنده منذ الطفولة ، عملت cover uncover test مافيش اي حركة ، كذلك تم عمل ocular motility test وجدنا عنده : limitations of movement in the same direction of medial rectus muscle(medial sides) من history  أمه وحتى جدته  وخمسة من اخوانه وكذلك بنته الصغيرة عندها نفس الأعراض والعلامات . يشوف في الليل بوضوح ، والبعيد يشوفه  أحسن من القريب. ايش التشخيص ؟