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*OPTION P101* *JUPEB BIOLOGY* *NUMBER EIGHT* (8a) (PICK ANY SIX) (i) They are triploblastic animals. (ii) They are bilaterally symmetrical. (iii) They are segmented, with the body divided into repeated segments. (iv) They are coelomate animals. (v) They have a complete digestive system with a mouth and anus. (vi) They possess a closed circulatory system. (vii) Respiration occurs mainly through the skin or gills. (viii) They have a well-developed nervous system with a brain and ventral nerve cord. (ix) Most possess setae (bristles) for movement, although these are absent in leeches. (x) They reproduce mainly by sexual reproduction, and some species are hermaphroditic. (8b) Check the image below (8c) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Pollination: Insects such as bees and butterflies pollinate crops and other plants. (ii) Honey production: Honeybees produce honey for human consumption. (iii) Wax production: Bees produce beeswax, which is used in candles, cosmetics and other products. (iv) Silk production: Silkworms produce silk used in making fabrics. (v) Biological control: Some insects prey on crop pests and help control their populations. (vi) Decomposition: Insects help break down dead plants and animals, returning nutrients to the soil. (vii) Food: Some insects are eaten as a source of protein by humans and animals. (viii) Medicine: Some insect products are used in pharmaceutical and medical applications. (ix) Soil improvement: Burrowing insects such as termites and ants help aerate and mix the soil. (x) Scientific research: Insects such as fruit flies are widely used in biological and genetic research.

*JUPEB BIOLOGY* FIRST TYPE *NUMBER SIX* (6ai) Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower. (6aii) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Flowers are usually small and inconspicuous. (ii) Flowers are often without scent. (iii) Flowers produce little or no nectar. (iv) Pollen grains are produced in large quantities. (v) Pollen grains are small, light and dry. (vi) Pollen grains are often smooth or non-sticky. (vii) Anthers are usually exposed and hanging outside the flower. (viii) Stigmas are large, feathery and exposed. (ix) Flowers are usually unisexual or have exposed reproductive parts. (x) The flowers are usually brightly coloured less often, since they do not need to attract insects. (6b) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Rhizome (ii) Tuber (iii) Bulb (iv) Corm (v) Runner (vi) Stolon (vii) Stem tendril (viii) Stem thorn (ix) Phylloclade (x) Cladode (6ci) Plant regulators are chemical substances produced by plants in small quantities that control and coordinate growth and other physiological activities. Examples: (i) Auxin (ii) Gibberellin (6cii) (i) Hypogeal germination is a type of germination in which the cotyledons remain below the soil surface. (ii) During germination, the radicle emerges first and develops into the primary root, while the plumule grows upward. (iii) The epicotyl elongates and pushes the plumule above the soil, while the cotyledons remain underground and provide food to the developing seedling.

*JUPEB BIOLOGY* FIRST TYPE (3a) (i) Coccus (Cocci): Spherical or round-shaped bacteria. They may occur singly, in pairs, chains, or clusters. (ii) Bacillus (Bacilli): Rod-shaped bacteria. They may occur singly, in pairs, or in chains. (iii) Vibrio: Comma-shaped or curved rod-shaped bacteria, usually occurring singly. (iv) Spirillum (Spirilla): Spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria, usually occurring singly. (3b) (i) Production of antibiotics such as penicillin. (ii) Production of yoghurt and cheese. (iii) Production of alcohol and beverages. (iv) Production of vaccines and other pharmaceutical products. (3ci) The stages of the lytic cycle in viruses are: (i) Attachment (Adsorption): The virus attaches itself to specific receptor sites on the host cell. (ii) Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell. (iii) Replication: The viral genetic material takes control of the host cell and directs the production of viral nucleic acids and proteins. (iv) Assembly (Maturation): The newly produced viral components are assembled to form complete viruses. (v) Lysis (Release): The host cell bursts, releasing the newly formed viruses to infect other cells. (3cii) Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV): Rod-shaped/cylindrical. Rotavirus: Wheel-shaped.

*JUPEB BIOLOGY* FIRST TYPE *NUMBER SEVEN* (7a) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Chondrichthyes have a cartilaginous skeleton, while Osteichthyes have a bony skeleton. (ii) Chondrichthyes have placoid scales, while Osteichthyes have cycloid or ctenoid scales. (iii) Chondrichthyes have exposed gill slits, while Osteichthyes have gills covered by an operculum. (iv) Chondrichthyes usually have a ventral mouth, while Osteichthyes usually have a terminal mouth. (v) Chondrichthyes lack a swim bladder, while Osteichthyes usually possess a swim bladder. (vi) Chondrichthyes usually have internal fertilization, while Osteichthyes usually have external fertilization. (vii) Chondrichthyes have a heterocercal tail, while Osteichthyes commonly have a homocercal tail. (viii) Chondrichthyes lack true bone tissue, while Osteichthyes possess true bone tissue. (ix) Chondrichthyes include sharks, rays and skates, while Osteichthyes include tilapia, catfish and tuna. (x) Chondrichthyes have multiple pairs of gill openings, while Osteichthyes have one pair of gill openings covered by the operculum. (7b) (i) Location: Cytoplasm (cytosol). (ii) Net gain: 2 ATP molecules. (7c) (i) Glucose→ Glucose-6-phosphate - catalysed by hexokinase/glucokinase. (ii) Fructose-6-phosphate→Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - catalysed by phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1). (iii) Phosphoenolpyruvate→ Pyruvate - catalysed by pyruvate kinase.

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*JUPEB ANSWERS* (7ai) Two structural isomers of C₂H₄Br₂: 1,1-dibromoethane: H Br | | H—C—C—H | | H Br 1,2-dibromoethane: H H | | H—C—C—H | | Br Br (7aii) cis-1,2-dibromoethene (Br atoms on the same side): Br Br \ / C=C / \ H H trans-1,2-dibromoethene (Br atoms on opposite sides): Br H \ / C=C / \ H Br (7b) Cyclopentane (the cyclic, saturated isomer of C₅H₁₀) does not decolourise aqueous bromine, since it contains no C=C double bond for the bromine to add across, unlike the alkene isomers of C₅H₁₀ (e.g., pent-1-ene), which do decolourise it.

*JUPEB ANSWERS* (6a) A transition metal is a d-block element that forms at least one stable ion with a partially filled d-subshell (d-orbitals containing between 1 and 9 electrons). (6b) The atomic radii of Cr, Mn, and Fe decrease only slightly across the series (they are nearly the same size). This is because, across the series, each additional electron is added to the same inner 3d subshell while the nuclear charge also increases. The extra nuclear charge pulls the electrons closer to the nucleus, but this is largely balanced by the increased shielding/repulsion from the added 3d electrons, so the atomic radius remains almost constant, with only a slight decrease across the three elements. (6c) Three characteristic properties of transition elements: (i) They form coloured compounds/ions. (ii) They show variable oxidation states. (iii) They act as catalysts (and also form complex ions). (6di) The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases in the atmosphere (greenhouse gases) trap heat from the sun, warming the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere. (6di) (i) Burning of fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) (ii) Deforestation/bush burning (iii) Industrial activities that release gases such as carbon dioxide and methane (iv) Use of fertilisers and rearing of livestock, which release methane and nitrous oxide

*JUPEB ANSWERS* (5ai) Ca + 2H₂O --> Ca(OH)₂ + H₂ Sr + 2H₂O --> Sr(OH)₂ + H₂ Ba + 2H₂O --> Ba(OH)₂ + H₂ Mg + 2H₂O --> Mg(OH)₂ + H₂ Beryllium does not react with water (5aii) Reactivity with water increases down the group, from Beryllium (does not react) to Barium (reacts vigorously): Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba. This is because ionisation energy decreases down the group as atomic radius increases, so the outer electrons are lost more readily. (5bi) (i) their ions are small with a high charge density, which strongly attracts ligands (ii) they have partially filled d-orbitals that are empty enough to accept lone pairs of electrons donated by ligands, forming dative (coordinate) bonds. (5bii) Transition metal complexes are coloured because their partially filled d-orbitals split into two sets of different energy levels in the presence of ligands. Electrons can absorb energy from visible light and jump (be excited) from the lower d-orbital set to the higher one; the colour seen is the complementary colour to the light absorbed. (5ci) Acid rain is rain (or any precipitation) that has a pH lower than normal, usually below 5.6, due to dissolved acidic gases such as sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, which form sulphuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere. (5cii) Trees: Acid rain damages leaves and needles, leaches essential nutrients such as calcium and magnesium from the soil, and releases toxic aluminium ions into the soil, weakening trees and stunting their growth. Fish: Acid rain lowers the pH of lakes and rivers, which can damage fish gills, disrupt reproduction, and, in severe cases, kill fish directly or through the toxic aluminium it releases from surrounding soil. Building materials: Acid rain reacts with and corrodes limestone and marble (calcium carbonate) used in buildings and statues, and also corrodes metal structures, gradually wearing away the material.

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