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*WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL* *NUMBER FIVE* (5a) Draw the diagram below =CHARACTERISTICS OF A WATERFALL= (i) It has a steep drop in the river bed. (ii) It is formed where there is a difference in the hardness of the underlying rocks. (iii) It is usually associated with a gorge, plunge pool and a river channel. (iv) It is a result of vertical erosion, mainly by the force of falling water. (v) It is often found in areas of high relief, such as mountains and plateaus. (vi) It is a dynamic feature, constantly changing in size and shape due to ongoing erosion. =MODE OF FORMATION= (i) A river flows over a band of resistant rock (e.g. basalt) that overlies a softer rock (e.g. sandstone or shale). (ii) The softer rock is eroded more quickly, creating an undercut at the base of the resistant rock. (iii) The overhanging rock collapses, and the waterfall retreats upstream. (iv) The process continues, resulting in a steep drop, a plunge pool and a gorge. (5b) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Generation of Hydroelectric Power: Waterfalls provide water that can be used to generate electricity for domestic and industrial purposes. (ii) Source of Fresh Water: Water from waterfalls can be used for drinking, cooking, washing and other domestic activities after appropriate treatment. (iii) Tourism and Recreation: Waterfalls attract tourists for sightseeing, photography, picnics and other recreational activities, thereby generating income. (iv) Development of Industries: Water from waterfalls can be used by industries for manufacturing, processing and other industrial activities. (v) Irrigation: Water from waterfalls and their associated rivers can be used to irrigate farmland, especially during the dry season. (vi) Fishing: The pools and rivers associated with waterfalls may support fish and other aquatic organisms, providing food and income for local communities. (vii) Source of Minerals: Water flowing over rocks may help to concentrate certain minerals in river deposits, which can be exploited for economic purposes. (viii) Cultural and Spiritual Importance: Some waterfalls are regarded as sacred places and are used for traditional ceremonies and cultural activities by local communities.

(7a) A residual mountain is a mountain left standing after the surrounding land has been worn away by erosion and denudation. It survives because it is made of harder, more resistant rock. It is a remnant of a once higher upland. Example: Table Mountain in South Africa. (7bi) Tectonic plateau; (i) It is formed by large-scale uplift of the Earth's crust. (ii) It has a wide, flat or gently undulating top. (iii) It has steep sides (escarpments) and stands high above sea level. (iv) Rivers cut deep valleys or gorges across it and form waterfalls at its edges. Example: the East African plateau. (7bii) Structural plain; (i) It is underlain by horizontally bedded sedimentary rocks. (ii) It is a wide, flat or gently sloping lowland. (iii) It was exposed by uplift or the retreat of the sea. (iv) It usually has fertile soils and few relief features. Example: the Great Plains of the USA. (7biii) Volcanic mountain; (i) It is built from lava and ash piled around a vent. (ii) It is often cone-shaped with steep slopes. (iii) It has a crater or caldera at the summit. (iv) It has alternating layers of lava and ash and may be active, dormant or extinct. Examples: Mt Kilimanjaro and Mt Cameroon.

(8a) (i) Rainfall (ii) Rivers and streams (iii) Lakes and ponds (iv) Underground water (wells, boreholes and springs) (v) Oceans and seas (also dams and reservoirs) (8b) (i) Construction of dams and reservoirs: Dams store excess water in the rainy season for use in the dry season. They make water available for irrigation, domestic and industrial use. They also generate hydroelectric power and control floods downstream. (ii) Afforestation and protection of water catchment areas: Planting trees and protecting forests around rivers and lakes reduces evaporation and runoff. This allows more water to seep into the ground and keeps rivers flowing all year round. (iii) Control of water pollution: Industrial waste, sewage and chemicals should be treated before being discharged into water bodies. Laws against dumping waste in rivers should be enforced. This keeps water clean and safe for people, crops and aquatic life. (iv) Water treatment and purification: Treating water with filtration and chlorination removes germs and impurities. This makes it safe for drinking and reduces water-borne diseases like cholera and typhoid. (v) Rainwater harvesting and efficient use: Collecting rainwater from roofs in tanks gives an extra supply. Methods such as drip irrigation, repairing leaking pipes and avoiding wastage reduce the amount of water lost.

(3a) (i) The Sun, the central star that gives light and heat. (ii) The planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune). (iii) Natural satellites (moons), together with asteroids, comets and meteoroids. (3b) (i) The Earth is the only known planet that supports life. (ii) It has large amounts of liquid water, covering about 71% of its surface. (iii) It has an atmosphere rich in nitrogen and oxygen that protects and sustains life. (iv) It is the third planet from the Sun and is slightly flattened at the poles (an oblate spheroid). (3c) (i) Deforestation: Forests are cleared for farming, timber, fuelwood and settlement. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, so their removal increases global warming. It also destroys the habitats of plants and animals and exposes the soil to erosion and loss of fertility. (ii) Burning of fossil fuels and industrial emissions: Vehicles, factories and power plants release carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and other gases. These trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global warming and climate change. They also cause acid rain, which damages crops, soils and water bodies. (iii) Improper waste disposal: Plastics, chemicals and sewage dumped into rivers, oceans and land pollute water and soil. Aquatic life dies, food chains are broken, and people suffer from water-borne diseases. (iv) Mining and quarrying (including illegal mining): These activities strip the land of vegetation and leave open pits. Chemicals such as mercury pollute rivers and farmland. This reduces land available for farming and makes water unsafe for drinking.

*WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL* *NUMBER FOUR* (4a) An igneous rock is a type of rock formed when molten magma or lava cools and solidifies. (4b) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Hardness: Igneous rocks are generally hard and resistant to scratching and wear. (ii) Crystalline Structure: They are usually made up of interlocking mineral crystals formed during the cooling and solidification of molten materials. (iii) Absence of Fossils: Igneous rocks generally do not contain fossils because the intense heat of molten magma destroys organic remains. (iv) Non-layered Structure: Most igneous rocks do not occur in distinct layers like sedimentary rocks. (v) Massive Nature: They are generally compact, dense and strong, making many of them resistant to erosion. (vi) Variable Grain Size: Igneous rocks may have coarse or fine crystals depending on the rate at which the molten material cools. (vii) Different Colours: They occur in different colours, including black, grey, white, pink and green, depending on their mineral composition. (viii) Resistance to Weathering: Many igneous rocks, such as granite, are resistant to weathering and erosion because of their hard and compact nature. (4c) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Construction of Buildings: Igneous rocks such as granite are used as building materials because they are hard, strong and durable. (ii) Road Construction: Crushed igneous rocks are used as aggregates in road construction and the production of concrete. (iii) Railway Construction: Crushed granite is used as ballast beneath railway tracks to provide support and stability. (iv) Production of Decorative Materials: Polished igneous rocks such as granite are used for floor tiles, kitchen countertops, wall coverings and decorative monuments. (v) Source of Valuable Minerals: Igneous rocks are associated with valuable minerals such as tin, gold, copper and platinum, which can be mined for economic purposes. (vi) Manufacture of Cement: Certain igneous rocks, such as basalt, can be used as raw materials or additives in cement production, depending on their mineral composition. (vii) Soil Formation: The weathering of igneous rocks produces soil that can support agriculture. For example, basalt may weather to form fertile soils suitable for crop cultivation. (viii) Production of Statues and Monuments: Durable igneous rocks such as granite are used for carving statues, constructing monuments and making gravestones because they can withstand weathering for a long time.

GEOGRAPHY - OBJ; (PLS KINDLY TRACE THE ANSWERS FROM YOUR CBT SYSTEM AND TRACE CAREFULLY TO AVOID) 1. One centimetre on the map represents one kilometre on the ground 2. 50 metres 3. 1:50,000 4. 12 kilometres 5. South west 6. Nodal town 7. Dendritic 8. West 9. Asi 10. OBUO 11. 870 mm 12. 9°C 13. June 14. December 22nd 15. 7,770 km 16. Rift valley 17. 14°C 18. Isotherm 19. Faulting 20. Active 21. Parallel to the prevailing wind direction 22. Sedimentary 23. 11:00 a.m. 24. Temperature and precipitation 25. Yardang 26. Scree 27. Moderating influence of the sea 28. Prime Meridian 29. Waterfall 30. Exfoliation 31. When the Earth comes directly between the sun and the moon 32. I and IV only 33. Volcanic mountain 34. September 23rd 35. Mediterranean climate 36. Tombolo 37. Availability of power and large market 38. Effective advertizing of natural attractions 39. Wheat 40. Clustering of industries 41. From villages to towns 42. Production of similar products 43. Low population density 44. Ability to connect all continents 45. High level of technology and adequate capital 46. Availability of future labour force 47. Provision of agricultural products 48. Climate characteristics 49. Tertiary economic activities 50. Generation of revenue and foreign exchange

(6b) (i) Latitude: Places in Nigeria near the Equator receive more direct sunlight and are generally hotter than places farther away from it. (ii) Altitude: Areas at high elevations, such as the Jos Plateau, have lower temperatures than areas at lower elevations. (iii) Distance from the sea: Coastal areas experience more humidity and rainfall than areas far inland because of their proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. (iv) Prevailing winds: Winds from the Atlantic Ocean bring moisture and rainfall to Nigeria, while dry winds from the Sahara bring dry conditions to the northern part of the country. (6c) (i) Supply of water: Rainfall provides water needed for the growth and survival of crops. (ii) Improvement of soil fertility: Rainfall helps dissolve and distribute nutrients in the soil, making them available for plants to absorb. (iii) Support for livestock farming: Rainfall encourages the growth of pasture and grasses, which provide food for grazing animals such as cattle, sheep and goats.

(4a) (i) LAGOS STATE on the south-west coast - destination region noted for rural-urban migration (ii) LAGOS (major town / Ikeja) - the major town in Lagos State (4b) (i) Development of rural areas. Government should provide roads, electricity, water, schools and hospitals in villages. This reduces rural-urban migration and eases pressure on cities. (ii) Provision of adequate housing. Government and private developers should build affordable housing estates and replace slums. This reduces overcrowding and improves living conditions. (iii) Creation of employment opportunities. Industries and other businesses should be established in smaller towns and rural areas, and skills training and agriculture should be supported. This reduces unemployment and crime in cities. (iv) Improvement of social amenities and infrastructure. Water supply, electricity, healthcare, schools and waste disposal should be expanded to match population needs. Roads and public transport should also be improved to reduce traffic congestion. (v) Proper urban planning and decentralisation. Government should create satellite towns and new growth centres, and relocate some industries and offices from big cities. Land use laws and building regulations should be enforced, e.g. the planning of Abuja. (4c) Calculation of population density Formula: Population density = Total population ÷ Total land area Working: Population = 560 million = 560,000,000 Area = 1,400,000 km² Population density = 560,000,000 ÷ 1,400,000 = 560 ÷ 1.4 = 400 persons per square kilometre = 400 persons/km²

No 6a

4a

*GEOGRAPHY ANSWERS* *NUMBER TWO* (2a) Population distribution is the way people are spread over the earth's surface or over a given area. It shows where people live, whether they are concentrated or sparsely settled, e.g. dense in the Niger Delta and sparse in the Sahara. (2b) (i) Housing problems. Housing cannot keep pace with the rapid growth, so there is overcrowding. Many people live in slums and shanty settlements with poor sanitation, e.g. Makoko in Lagos. (ii) Unemployment and underemployment. There are more job seekers than jobs available. Many people become idle or engage in street trading, causing poverty and crime. (iii) Strain on social amenities. Water, electricity, schools, hospitals and waste disposal become inadequate for the large numbers. This results in water shortages, power failures and poor health services. (iv) Traffic congestion. The growing number of people and vehicles overloads the roads. This leads to long delays, accidents and air pollution. (2c) (i) High birth rate. Early marriage, lack of family planning and low use of contraceptives lead to high fertility. Many women have children throughout their reproductive years. (ii) Declining death rate. Improved medical care, immunisation, clean water and control of diseases like malaria and smallpox have reduced deaths. More people now survive to old age. (iii) Preference for large families. Children provide cheap farm labour and support parents in old age. Polygamy also increases the number of children. (iv) Religious and cultural beliefs. Many societies see children as a blessing or a sign of wealth, and some oppose birth control. Large families also raise a person's social status. (v) Improved food supply and living standards. Better farming methods, storage and food distribution reduce death from hunger and malnutrition. This supports population increase.

Traditional festivals, historical monuments, local music, dances, arts and crafts are showcased to visitors, encouraging the preservation of cultural values. (ix) Attraction of Foreign Investment: The tourism industry attracts foreign investors who establish hotels, resorts, recreational centres and other tourism facilities. These investments contribute to capital formation, business expansion and economic growth.

*WAEC GCE GEOGRAPHY ESSAY* *NUMBER ONE* (1a) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Favourable Climate: A favourable climate with warm temperatures, adequate sunshine and pleasant weather attracts tourists to developing countries for relaxation, sightseeing and other recreational activities. (ii) Beautiful Natural Scenery: Beautiful natural landscapes such as mountains, valleys, hills and green plains attract tourists who want to enjoy nature and take photographs. (iii) Beaches and Coastlines: Sandy beaches, clear coastal waters and attractive seashores encourage tourism by providing opportunities for swimming, sunbathing, surfing and other recreational activities. (iv) Wildlife Resources: The presence of wild animals such as lions, elephants, giraffes and gorillas in national parks and game reserves attracts tourists interested in wildlife viewing and safaris. (v) Forests and Vegetation: Dense forests, tropical rainforests and unique plant species attract tourists interested in nature, ecological studies and the exploration of natural environments. (vi) Rivers and Lakes: Rivers and lakes promote tourism by providing opportunities for fishing, boating, swimming, canoeing and other water-based recreational activities. (vii) Mountains and Highlands: Mountains and highlands attract tourists for mountain climbing, hiking, sightseeing and other adventure activities. They also provide beautiful views of the surrounding environment. (viii) Waterfalls and Caves: Natural features such as waterfalls and caves attract tourists for sightseeing, exploration, photography and scientific studies. They also serve as important tourist attractions in many developing countries. (ix) Deserts and Unique Landforms: Deserts, sand dunes, rock formations and unusual landforms attract tourists interested in adventure, sightseeing and the study of unique physical environments. (x) Hot Springs and Geothermal Features: Natural hot springs and other geothermal features attract tourists seeking relaxation, recreation and health-related experiences. These features can encourage the development of tourism facilities around them. (1b) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Employment Generation: The tourism industry creates employment opportunities for people working as tour guides, hotel attendants, drivers, travel agents, security officers and restaurant workers. This helps to reduce unemployment and poverty in Tropical Africa. (ii) Generation of Foreign Exchange: International tourists spend foreign currencies on accommodation, transportation, food, entertainment and other services. This increases foreign exchange earnings and helps countries pay for imported goods and services. (iii) Increase in Government Revenue: Governments earn revenue from taxes paid by hotels, restaurants, travel agencies and other tourism businesses. They also collect entrance fees from national parks, museums and other tourist attractions. (iv) Development of Infrastructure: Tourism encourages the construction and improvement of roads, airports, hotels, electricity, water supply and communication facilities. These facilities also benefit local communities and other sectors of the economy. (v) Promotion of Local Businesses: Tourism creates markets for locally produced goods and services. Traders, farmers, transport operators, restaurant owners and traditional craft makers benefit from the spending of tourists. (vi) Improvement in the Standard of Living: Tourism provides income and employment opportunities for individuals and families. The income earned enables people to afford better housing, education, healthcare, food and other basic necessities. (vii) Conservation of Natural Resources: Tourism encourages the protection of wildlife, forests, waterfalls, national parks and other natural attractions. Revenue generated from tourism can be used to maintain protected areas and conserve the environment. (viii) Promotion of Cultural Heritage: Tourism helps to preserve and promote the cultural heritage of Tropical Africa.

*WAEC GCE COMMERCE* *NUMBER SIX* (6a) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Overdraft. (ii) Loans. (iii) Advances. (iv) Discounting of bills of exchange. (v) Trade credit financing. (vi) Mortgage loans. (vii) Hire purchase financing. (viii) Leasing. (ix) Credit cards. (x) Letters of credit. (6b) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Foreign Exchange Services: Commercial banks help importers and exporters convert one country's currency into another to facilitate international business transactions. (ii) Issuing Letters of Credit: Commercial banks issue letters of credit to guarantee payment to foreign sellers when the agreed terms and conditions are fulfilled. (iii) Collection of Foreign Bills: Commercial banks collect payments from overseas buyers on behalf of exporters and transfer the money to their accounts. (iv) Discounting Bills of Exchange: Commercial banks buy bills of exchange from exporters before their maturity dates and pay them after deducting a certain amount as discount. (v) Providing Trade Finance: Commercial banks provide loans and other financial assistance to importers and exporters to enable them to purchase goods and carry out international trade activities. (vi) Facilitating International Payments: Commercial banks help customers transfer money from one country to another for the payment of goods and services purchased from foreign countries. (vii) Issuing Bank Guarantees: Commercial banks guarantee payment to foreign business partners on behalf of their customers if the customers fail to meet their financial obligations. (viii) Advising on Letters of Credit: Commercial banks notify exporters about letters of credit issued in their favour and explain the conditions they must satisfy before receiving payment. (ix) Handling Shipping Documents: Commercial banks receive, check and process important trade documents, such as bills of lading, commercial invoices and insurance certificates, to facilitate international transactions. (x) Providing Foreign Trade Information: Commercial banks provide customers with information and advice on foreign exchange rates, international payment methods, trade finance and banking procedures involved in importing and exporting goods.

*WAEC GCE ECNOMICS* (5a) (PICK ANY ONE) Labour force is the total number of people who are employed and those who are unemployed but are willing and able to work and are actively seeking employment in a country. It comprises people within the working-age population who are available to contribute to the production of goods and services. OR Labour force refers to the economically active population of a country who are engaged in or available for the production of goods and services. It includes both employed and unemployed persons who are willing and able to work and are seeking employment, but excludes children, retired persons and those who are not willing or available to work. (5b) An under-populated country(country Z) is a country whose population is too small in relation to its available natural resources and capital, resulting in insufficient labour to fully utilise its resources. WHILE An over-populated country(Country Q) is a country whose population is too large in relation to its available natural resources and capital, resulting in pressure on resources and difficulties in providing employment and other basic needs. (5c) (PICK ANY THREE) (i)Encouragement of childbirth: The government can encourage families to have more children through incentives such as child allowances and maternity benefits. (ii)Payment of birth bonuses: Financial rewards can be given to parents who give birth to children to encourage population growth. (iii)Provision of maternity and paternity leave: Paid leave can be provided to workers to enable them to care for their children and encourage family formation. (iv)Provision of childcare facilities: Affordable crèches and childcare centres can be established to help working parents raise children while maintaining their employment. (v)Reduction of the cost of raising children: The government can provide affordable housing, education and healthcare to reduce the financial burden on families. (vi)Encouragement of early marriage: The government can promote responsible family formation at an appropriate age to increase the birth rate and future labour supply. (5d) (PICK ANY THREE) (i)Establishment of industries: The government should establish more industries to provide employment opportunities for the growing population. (ii)Development of agriculture: Farmers should be provided with loans, improved seedlings and modern farming equipment to expand agricultural production and create jobs. (iii)Provision of vocational training: Training centres should be established to equip unemployed people with practical skills such as tailoring, carpentry, plumbing and electrical installation. (iv)Encouragement of small-scale businesses: The government should provide loans and financial assistance to entrepreneurs to establish small businesses that can employ more people. (v)Improvement of infrastructure: The government should provide good roads, electricity and other basic facilities to encourage investment and the establishment of businesses, thereby creating employment opportunities.