اللجنة العلميةـ دفعة الشهيد يحيى السنوار 28 طب بشري UST
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پست‌های کانال
مخططات_ذهنية_Orbit_عيون_•2024•_يونس_الحمادي_.pdf1.48 MB
| 2 | Ophthalmology Notes.pdf | 79 |
| 3 | +4 Optic neuritis.pdf | 76 |
| 4 | astigmatism .pdf | 68 |
| 5 | +3 Ptosis.pdf | 67 |
| 6 | +6 👨🏻⚕️🔉 Anatomy & Examination
1st lecture
Dr. Abdulmoghni Albarrag
••••••••••••••••••••••••
👁️ #Ophthalmology
@MD26B | 98 |
| 7 | مستند من Atoom | 162 |
| 8 | 11----عند الدكتور طارق الدعيس
سألني على ال retinoblastoma تعريفها و اعراضها و كيف اعالجها
تعريف ال infective keratitis و انواعها و ايش الڤايروسات الي تسبب ال viral keratitis و ايش نوع HSV اذا كان DNA او RNA
ايش علامات ال intermediate uveitis
12----اختبرت عند الدكتور البراق .
Light pathway
Define uveal tract
Cause of intermediate uveitis
Sign of intermediate uveitis
Treatment of intermediate uveitis
Types of optic neuritis
سبب كل واحد. أذكر ال signs ال Scotoma في ال optic neuritis علامات كل واحد
Treatment of refractive error
Types of refractive error
معنى astigmatism with rule
معنى presbyopia
نوع العدسة في ال presbyopia وال myopia وال hypermetropia .
13--- د. حوريه
type error of refraction
وايش العلاج الجراحي للmyopia
Cause of increase tearing
14---عند الدكتور اسماعيل
What are the types of retinal detachment?
وايش علاج Exudative
وايش معنى Rhegmatogenous
وسأل اذا جاء شخص دخل لعينه اسمنت ايش العلاج الاولي اللي بنعمله
وايش نوع الاسمنت هل alkaline or acid
ومن اخطر على العين هل alkaline or acid
15----أختبرت شفوي عند د.مطهر الشاعر
والأسئلة هي
ايش الstructures الي بتعدي من superior fissure
السؤال الثاني تعريف ال squint
وتقسيماته وبعدين سأل مثال على ال concomitant
وقال ايش علامات الoculomotor pulsy وكانو منهم اربعة
السؤال الثالث ايش هي ال cataract وايش الtypes الي بتعمل close angle glaucoma وايش اسم الglaucoma في هذه الحالة
وبعدين الpathophysiology حق الclose angle glaucoma
وايش اعراض الclose angle glaucoma
وايضا ايش الpathophysiology حق الcatarct لما تسوي glaucoma
وعد باقي سؤال كان مرة advance مدري منين جابه مش اني متذكراه
17---دخلت عند الدكتور طارق
السؤال الاول ايش sign of 6th never palsy and treatment
السوال الثاني what is the keratoconus and sign
السوال الثالث grade of diabetic retinopathy
السوال الرابع what is retinoblastoma واين يكون in children وهل هو malignant or benign
18---
دخلت عند دكتور اسماعيل حجر
سألني عن انواع الerror of refraction
تعريف الanisometropia
والpresibiopia متى تجي وتعريفها وايش نعالجها
قال لي اتكلم ع الcataract كل شي اول شي التعريف لازم نقول crystalline lens
سالني ع الmorgagian mechanism
لازم تذكري العلاج بالتفصيل واسماء العمليات مش اختصار وايش المضاعفات
19: دخلت اختبر عند د. البراق وحرفيا بيسأل من كل حاجة واسئلة متنوعة ,من ضمن الاسئلة:
تعاريف في الerror of refraction ويشتي اسماء العمليات بدون اختصار زي الليزك يشتي الاسم الكامل
اسئلة متنوعة في محاضرة الuveitis زي clinical picture وsigns
الretina من ضمن الاسئلة الفروقات بين الrods والcons
حتى سألني من المحاضرة الذي فيها فيروسات اسئلة متنوعة
بشكل عام الدكتور يمر على حاجات كثيرة في المنهج ويشتي الواحد يكون مذاكر كويس جدا | 160 |
| 9 | 🚨🚨🚨تجارب اختبار العيون -شفوي دفعة ٢٦ بنات:
1---:اختبرت عند الدكتورة صباح
سألتني عدة أسئلة :
1.عرف الorbital cellulitis والpreorbital cellulitis وأذكر الفرق بينهم وكمان أيش خطورة ال orbital cellulitis ؟ يعمل cavernous sinus thrombosis و brain abscess
2. Mention 3 orbital emergencies?
3. WHO classification of trachoma ?
4. Most common ocular tumor in children? Retinopathy
5. Most common tumor generally? Basel cell carcinoma
6. Most common ocular tumor in adults? Retinal melanoma.
7. Most common orbital tumor in children? Rehabdomyosarcoma
8. Managment of chemical injury to the eye.
9.define glucoma and Mention it's triad.
10. Mention 5 causes of vitrus hemorrhage ? مذكورات بالمحاضرة
11. Investigation of Retinoblastoma? ultrasound.
12. What's blunt trauma?
13. In case of glob rapture what investigation that's contraindicated?
14. In case of ocular metallic foreign body what investigation that's contraindicated?
ومن أسئلة الدكاترة الباقيين :
في البعض سألوهم الدكاترة عن النظارات حقهم وأيش المشكلة اللي موجودة معاهم بالنظر وكم قياسها وهل concave or convex؟
والبعض سألوهم الدكاترة أيش هي المحاضرات اللي درستوها معهم؟
وفي دكاترة كل الأسئلة من محاضرة واحدة
2----اختبار الاورال
د/طارق الدعيس
Layer of cornea
Developmental layer
Define esophoria who to treat it
What is age related macular degenerative , its effect on vision, and how to treat it
3----دخلت عند الدكتور اسماعيل حجر
١/ جاب لي رسمه بورقه وعامل أسهم elevation بس مائلات وقال ايش اسم العضلتين اللي يعملين كذا وبكل عين عضله مختلفه
٢/ عرفي keratoconus
٣/ متى نستخدم الflourosin بأي حالات
أختبار الoral
عند د. صباح
1_ Defention of sclera?and what the investigation well be use?and what we see in investigation?
2_ In Blow out fructuer give what cause ,and what we see?
3_ Contraindications use in open glob?
4_ Contraindications use in metallic?
5_ Most common extra orbital and extra orbital tumers in children?
6_Most common tumers in adult ?
7_ Give three cases emergency in ophthalmology?
8_ In retinoblastoma what the first investigation ?
9_ In chemical emergency the first step we do ?
10_Definition of glucoma?
4----اختبرتني الدكتوره صباح
سالت عن اسباب الvitreous hemorrhage
واسباب sudden and gadual loss of visions
وعن الorbital cellulites كل شي فيه اسبابه والاعراض وايش الcomplication له
وقالت جيبي لي 3 حالات emergancy of trauma
وعرفي الglaucoma
وعرفي ال scleritis
6: اختبرت عند الدكتورة صباح
سألتني ايش اسباب الleukocoria
ايش اسباب gradual and sudden loss of vision
ايش حالات الemergencies بالعيون
كيف نشخص الposterior scleritis وايش العلامة اللي نشوفها
وكيف نشخص الblow out fractures وايش العلامة اللي نشوفها
تعريف الجلوكوما
تعريف وانواع الscleritis
ايش اكثر intra, extra ocular tumor يصيب الاطفال
وايش اكثر واحد عند الكبار
ايش اخطر انواع الeye tumors
ايش انواع الerrors of refraction
هذول اللي ذكرتهم بس كانت تسال كثيير
7---عند صباح
١- types of refraction error
2-define uveitis and its classifications
3- most common tumor in child intraorbital and intraocular
4- most common tumer in adult
5- what is the investigation of retinoblastoma
6- what is contraindicated in perforation trauma
7- what is the causes of vitreous hemorrhage
8- define glaucoma
9- define leukocoria
10- what is the dangerous cause of leukocoria And the most common type
8----دخلت عند البراق
قلي عرفي ال retinal detachment and types
Neonateal blindness what’s the DD
Treatment of vitamin A deficiency
Types of photoreceptors
Defined dacreoadenitis
What’s the surgery for chronic dacreocystitis
9----البراق
اول شي شاف النظارة فوقي قال ايش نوعها وايش عندي
بعدين جلس يتعمق في ال myopia انواع وعمليات والخ..
وحول لل cataract ايش انواع الكتراكت وايش العمليات
وايش DD لل Leukoria
ايش الامرجنسي لل chemical trauma وايش اكثر severe ال chemical ولا ال Acidic وليش
10--دكتور طارق الدعيس
سالني على طبقات tear film ومن اين تفرز
تعريف exophoria وكيف علاجها
تعريف retinitis pigmentosa | 112 |
| 10 | 🟦 Cornea Summary
1️⃣ Causes of Corneal Transparency:
Regular stromal collagen → يقلل تشتت الضوء
Uniform refractive index → الضوء ما ينحرف
Avascularity → يمنع التعكر
Relative dehydration (Endothelium pump) → يمنع التورم
Smooth epithelium → مرور الضوء بسهولة
2️⃣ Suppurative Corneal Ulcer:
Pathognomonic sign: Severe pain
Investigations: Fluorescein & Rose Bengal stain
3️⃣ Non-Inflammatory (Desciform) Keratitis:
Symptom: Decreased vision
Treatment: Topical steroids only
4️⃣ Antiviral Drugs (HSV, HZV)
Acyclovir
Idoxuridine
Trifluorothymidine (TFT)
Arabinoside (Ara-A)
5️⃣ Corneal Dystrophies
Type Inheritance Note
Granular Autosomal Dominant Most common
Lattice Autosomal Dominant Rarest
Macular Autosomal Recessive Most severe
Treatment for all types: Penetrating Keratoplasty
#Ophthalmology
#First_Semester
#Fifth_Year
#UST_Batch27 | 76 |
| 11 | 6️⃣ Pathognomonic Sign of Chronic Lepromatous Iritis of Leprosy:
Iris pearls formed from dead bacteria
7️⃣ Bitot’s Spot Associated with Systemic Disease:
Vitamin A Deficiency
#Ophthalmology
#Fifth_Year
#First_Semester
#UST_Batch27 | 90 |
| 12 | 5️⃣ The Most Common and Dangerous Substance Causing Chemical Injury:
➡️ Alkaline substances, such as cement, penetrate deeply and cause more destruction than acids.
⛔ Errors of Refraction
1️⃣ Definition of Accommodation:
له أكثر من تعريف بس هذا تقريباً أسهلهم حفظاً 💔
➡️ Ability of the eyes to change their focus from distant to near objects and vice versa, achieved by changes in the curvature of the lens.
2️⃣ Parts (Mechanism) of Accommodation:
1. Ciliary muscle contraction
2. Suspensory ligament relaxation
3. Increase in the curvature of the lens — increases refractive power to focus near objects on the retina.
3️⃣ Features of Aphakia:
Most commonly occurs after cataract extraction
Deep anterior chamber
Scar of cataract operation seen in cornea or sclera
Jet-black pupil (absence of lens reflection)
Loss of 2 Purkinje images
Associated with Hypermetropia and Anisometropia
4️⃣ Types of Errors of Refraction:
1. Hypermetropia (Farsightedness)
2. Myopia (Nearsightedness)
3. Astigmatism
4. Aphakia
5. Anisometropia
5️⃣ Presbyopia:
Physiological recession of the near point, making near vision uncomfortable. Occurs in old age due to sclerosis of lens. Treated by reading glasses after correcting distance error.
6️⃣ Definition of Hypermetropia:
➡️ Parallel rays focus behind the retina with accommodation relaxed.
7️⃣ Features of Hypermetropia:
Small-sized eyes, shallow anterior chamber, large alpha angle, may have convergent squint. Optic disc margins ill-defined (pseudo-papillitis).
8️⃣ Treatment of Hypermetropia:
1. Spherical convex (plus) eyeglasses — first step
2. Soft contact lens
3. LASIK for permanent correction
9️⃣ Definition of Myopia:
➡️ Parallel rays focus in front of the retina with accommodation relaxed.
10️⃣ Treatment of Myopia:
Spherical concave (minus) lens first line, other options: contact lens or LASIK.
11️⃣ Astigmatism:
Parallel rays do not focus at a single point due to unequal corneal or lens curvatures. Treatment: Cylindrical lens first step.
12️⃣ Types of Regular Astigmatism:
With-the-rule: vertical meridian more curved than horizontal
Against-the-rule: vertical meridian less curved than horizontal
⛔ Loss of Vision
1️⃣ Bilateral Gradual Loss of Vision:
Cataract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)
Refractive error
Retinal dystrophies such as Retinitis pigmentosa
2️⃣ Unilateral Painful Sudden Loss of Vision:
Trauma
Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis)
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Orbital cellulitis
Endophthalmitis
Optic neuritis
3️⃣ Most Serious Complication of Giant Cell Arteritis:
➡️ Visual loss due to central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)
4️⃣ Most Common Cause of Bull’s-eye Maculopathy:
➡️ Antimalarial drugs (Chloroquine)
5️⃣ Ocular Emergencies Include:
Chemical injury
Acute congestive angle-closure glaucoma
6️⃣ Classification of Optic Neuritis and Their Common Causes:
Retrobulbar Neuritis: optic nerve behind eyeball; fundus normal → Multiple sclerosis
Papillitis: optic disc involvement → Post-viral, post-immunization, syphilis
Neuroretinitis: optic nerve + retina involvement → Cat-scratch fever.
7️⃣ Causative Agents of Acute Bacterial Endophthalmitis:
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
⛔ Ocular Manifestations
1️⃣ Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy:
Background diabetic retinopathy: Microaneurysm, Intraretinal dot hemorrhage, hard exudate, retinal oedema
Pre-Proliferative diabetic retinopathy: cotton wool spots, dark hemorrhage
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy:
Rubeosis iridis, neovascularization in iris
2️⃣ Most Important Drugs Used for Toxoplasmosis:
Pyrimethamine
Oral folinic acid (not folic acid)
Sulfadiazine
3️⃣ Most Common Cause of Proptosis in Adult:
Thyrotoxicosis
4️⃣ Presence of Sea-Fan Salmon Patches with Vaso-Occlusion:
Sickle cell retinopathy
5️⃣ Pathognomonic Sign of German Measles (Rubella) Retinopathy:
Salt and pepper pigmentation disturbance
6️⃣ Pathognomonic Sign of Chronic Lepromatous Iritis of Leprosy:
Iris pearls formed from dead bacteria | 96 |
| 13 | تجميعة لبعض الأسئلة المهمة:
شكرًا للزميل عبدالعزيز الطواف ♥
⛔ Ocular Trauma
1️⃣ Manifestations of Blow-out Fracture of the Orbital Floor:
Ecchymosis
Subcutaneous emphysema
Periorbital edema
Intraorbital nerve anesthesia
Diplopia
Enophthalmos
2️⃣ The First Step in the Management of Chemical Injury Trauma:
➡️ Immediate washing (irrigation) of the eyes with plenty of water or saline solution to neutralize and remove the chemical substance as fast as possible.
3️⃣ The Corneal Laceration is Sutured by:
➡️ 10-0 Nylon suture — fine suture used to minimize scarring and maintain corneal transparency.
4️⃣ Difference Between Iridodialysis and Cyclodialysis:
Iridodialysis: separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body. Forms a D-shaped pupil.
Cyclodialysis: separation of the ciliary body from the scleral spur. Leads to hypotony (low intraocular pressure).
يتبع..⬇️
#Ophthalmology
#Fifth_Year
#First_Semester
#UST_Batch27 | 85 |
| 14 | +4 تجميع لصور فيديوهات العملي لـ الدكتور / معز شلفيط مع الحل بجانب الصورة
#Ophthalmology
#Fifth_year
#First_semester | 93 |
| 15 | +8 📖 MCQ Collection of Previous Exams
UST
تجميع: خالد بدر
••••••••••••••••••••••••
👁️ #Ophthalmology
@MD26B | 103 |
| 16 | +1 ملف يشمل بعض نماذج السنوات السابقة وصور وردت في امتحان الشفوي مع تجارب سابقة..
#ophthalmology
#Fifth_year
#First_semester | 103 |
| 17 | الأسئلة_المهمة_محاضرات_د_صباح_1,2_1.pdf | 108 |
| 18 |  10 - The Last Revision of Ophthalmology Lectures
Dr. Abdulmoghni Albarrag
#Ophthalmology
#Fifth_year
#First_semester | 113 |
| 19 | 🎗️Differntial diagnosis 2:
🍂Skin:
🔷Differntial diagnosis of edema:
▫️Cardiac causes.
▫️Renal causes
▫️hepatic causes.
▫️Nutritional causes.
▫️allergic causes.
🔷DD of skin rash:
🔅maculopapular:
▫️measles.
▫️rubella.
▫️Rickettsia.
▫️Roseola infantum.
▫️urticaria.
▫️Scarlet fever.
▫️Kawasaki disease.
▫️infectous mononucleosis.
🔅Vesicular rash:
▫️chicken pox.
▫️herpes zoster.
▫️Herpes simplex virus.
▫️Hand Foot mouth disease.
🔅Petechial rash:
▫️Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
▫️Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
▫️Leukemia.
▫️DIC.
🔷DD of strawberry tongue:
▫️Scarlet fever.
▫️Kawasaki disease.
▫️staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome.
▫️streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.
🍂Respiratory:
🔷DD or respiratory distress in neonates:
🔻Central:
🔅CNS failure due to:
▫️over sedation.
▫️Perinatal asphyxia.
▫️Intracranial haemorrage.
🔻Peripheral:
🔸pulmonary:
🔅lung:
▫️Transient Tachypnea of newborn.
▫️respiratory distress syndrome.
▫️meconium aspiration syndrome.
▫️congenital pneumonia.
▫️congenital lobar emphysema.
▫️lung collapse.
🔅pleura:
▫️Pneumothorax.
▫️plural effusion.
🔅airway:
▫️vascular ring.
▫️Bilateral choanal atresia.
🔸Extra pulmonary:
🔅cardiac:
▫️heart failure.
🔅metabolic:
▫️metabolic acidosis.
▫️hypoglycemia.
▫️hypothermia.
🔅Hematologic:
▫️anemia.
▫️polycyththemia.
🔷DD of wheezing:
🔅acute:
▫️acute Broncholitis.
▫️FBA.
🔅recurrent:
▫️bronchial asthma.
▫️GERD.
▫️Cow milk protein intolerance.
▫️cystic fibrosis.
▫️Broncheiectasis.
▫️chronic lung disease.
🔷DD of acute cough:
🔅without respiratory distress:
▫️acute bronchitis of laryngitis.
▫️acute sinusitis.
🔅with respiratory distress:
▫️acute Broncholitis.
▫️pneumonia.
▫️acute asthmatic attack.
🔷DD of chronic cough:
▫️chronic infections as TB or Broncheiectasis.
▫️chronic asthma.
▫️recurrent aspiration.
🍂Renal:
🔷DD of loin mass:
▫️congenital as polycystic kidney disease.
▫️infection as pyelonephritis.
▫️tumor as Wilm's tumor.
▫️vascular as renal vein thrombosis.
🔷DD of polyuria and polydispia:
▫️DM.
▫️DI.
▫️renal causes as Chronic kidney disease.
▫️psychogenic cause.
🔷DD of red urine:
▫️hematuria.
▫️hemoglobinurea.
▫️Methemoglobinurea.
▫️Drugs.
▫️Deit.
🔷DD of hematuria:
🔅Glomerular:
▫️post Streptococcal GN.
▫️Hemolytic uremic syndrome.
▫️alport syndrome.
▫️IgA nephropathy.
🔅Extra Glomerular:
▫️infection UTI.
▫️stone.
▫️Truma.
▫️Tumor.
▫️hemotolgical as sickle cell crisis.
▫️Drugs. | 203 |
| 20 | 🎗️Differntial diagnosis 1
🍂General:
🔷DD of Fever:
🔅Infectous:
▫️viral infection as common cold.
▫️bacterial infection as otitis media, pharyngitis and sinusitis.
▫️others as UTI, pneumonia and meningitis.
🔅inflammatory:
▫️Rheumatic disease.
🔅neoplastic:
▫️Leukemia.
▫️Lymphoma.
🔅miscellaneous:
▫️Familial mediterranean Fever.
🔷DD of Convulsion:
🔅Central nervous system causes:
▫️hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
▫️intracranial haemorrage.
▫️sepsis.
▫️congenital brain malformation.
▫️Bilirubin encephalopathy.
🔅metabolic causes:
▫️Hypoglycemia.
▫️hypocalcemia.
▫️hypomagnesmia.
▫️Hyponatremia.
▫️hypernatremia.
▫️inborn error of metabolism as galactosemia.
🔷DD of Convulsion with fever:
▫️Febrile Convulsion.
▫️meningitis.
▫️encephalitis.
▫️Brain abscess.
🔷DD of Convulsion without fever:
▫️Epilepsy.
▫️electrolytes disturbance.
▫️brain truma.
▫️Brain tumor.
🔷DD of jitterness:
▫️normal newborn.
▫️hypoglycemia.
▫️hypocalcemia.
▫️Drugs withdrawal.
🍂Git:
🔷DD of neonatal jaundice:
🔅physiological jaundice.
🔅Pathological jaundice:
▫️Hemolytic jaundice.
▫️Breast milk jaundice.
▫️Gilbert disease.
▫️Criggler Najjar syndrome type I.
▫️Criggler Najjar syndrome type II.
▫️Hypothyroidism.
▫️neonatal hepatitis either due to infections or metabolic disorders.
▫️biliary atresia.
🔷DD of infant and child Jaundice:
▫️hemolytic jaundice.
▫️hepatic jaundice.
▫️obstructive jaundice.
🔷DD of neonatal vomiting:
🔸with good general condition:
▫️water: amniotic gastric content.
▫️Blood: Hemorrhagic disease of newborn.
▫️Food: GERD or over Feeding.
🔸with bad general condition:
🔅medical:
▫️infection.
▫️increase intracranial tension.
▫️metabolic.
🔅surgical:
▫️Esophageal atresia.
▫️CHIPS.
▫️intestinal obstruction.
🔷DD of infant or child vomiting:
🔅medical:
▫️over feeding.
▫️infection.
▫️metabolic disorders.
🔅surgical:
▫️volvulus.
▫️intissusception.
▫️strangulated hernia.
🔷DD of acute Diarrhea:
🔸Infectous:
🔅Gastroenteritis either due to:
▫️viral infections.
▫️Bacterial infection.
▫️protozoal infections.
🔸non infectious acute Diarrhea:
▫️Dietetic Diarrhea.
▫️Drugs related Diarrhea.
▫️parentral Diarrhea.
🔷DD of chronic Diarrhea:
▫️Food intolerance.
▫️Celiac disease.
▫️cystic fibrosis.
▫️Inflammatory bowel disease.
▫️Gardiasis.
🔷DD of hepatomegaly:
🔅infection:
▫️viral as EBV, HCV and HBV.
▫️Bacterial as Miliary TB.
▫️Protozoal as toxoplasmosis and Leishmaniasis.
🔅Blood disease:
▫️Leukemia and lymphoma.
🔅metabolic diseases:
▫️Glycogen storage disease.
▫️wilson disease.
▫️mucopolysaccharidosis.
🔅miscellaneous:
▫️Congestive heart failure.
▫️malnutrition as Kwashiorkor.
🔷DD of tender hepatomegaly:
▫️acute hepatitis.
▫️congestive heart failure.
▫️amoebic liver abscess.
🔷DD of splenomegaly:
🔅infection:
▫️viral as Infectous mononucleosis.
▫️Bacterial as typhoid fever.
▫️protozoal as malaria and Leishmaniasis.
🔅Hematological:
▫️chronic hemolytic anemia.
▫️thalassemia.
▫️spherocytosis.
🔅malignancy:
▫️Leukemia and lymphoma.
🔅metabolic:
▫️mucopolysaccharidosis.
🔅miscellaneous:
▫️portal hypertension.
▫️infective endocarditis.
▫️primary spenic disorder as cysts or tumor.
🔷DD of hepatosplenomegaly in neonates:
▫️TORCH Infections.
▫️hemolytic disease of newborn.
▫️inborn error of metabolism.
🔷DD of hepatosplenomegaly:
▫️infections either viral, Bacterial or protozoal.
▫️Hematological as thalassemia.
▫️malignancies as leukemia and lymphoma.
▫️storage disease.
▫️congenital cirrhosis.
▫️collagen vascular diseases. | 135 |
