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*2024 WAEC BIOLOGY ANSWERS* *NUMBER TWO* (2a) (i) Mouth: The mouth's role is in the mechanical breakdown of food through chewing and the beginning of chemical digestion through the action of enzymes like amylase in saliva. (ii) Skin: The skin's role is in regulating body temperature by sweating to cool down the body when it's overheated, as in this case. (iii) Tongue: The tongue helps with the manipulation of food during chewing and swallowing. (iv) Kidney: The kidney's role is in filtering waste products from the blood and regulating fluid balance, which may be affected by the meal's salt content. (v) Stomach: The stomach's role is in further mechanical and chemical digestion of food, particularly through the action of gastric juices containing enzymes like pepsin. (vi) Small intestine: The small intestine's role is in the absorption of nutrients from digested food. (vii) Large intestine: The large intestine's role is in the absorption of water and electrolytes from undigested food and the formation of feces. (viii) Liver: The liver's role includes producing bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. (2b) (i) the mouth (ii) stomach (iii) small intestine (2c) (i) amylase (in saliva and pancreatic juices) (ii) pepsin (in gastric juices (iii) lipase (in pancreatic juices). (2d) (i) glucose (from the breakdown of cassava starch by amylase) (ii) fatty acids (from the breakdown of fats in groundnut soup by lipase). (2e) (i) Excess salt in the meal might lead to dehydration or exacerbate conditions like high blood pressure. (ii) Three advantages the individual would derive from the meal could include energy from carbohydrates in cassava, protein from groundnuts, and various vitamins and minerals from both components of the meal.

*### Section A* Question 1 (a)State one function of each of the following parts of the nephron: (i) Glomerulus: - The glomerulus is responsible for filtering blood to form a filtrate that will eventually become urine. It allows water and small molecules to pass while retaining large molecules like proteins and blood cells. (ii) Bowman's capsule: - Bowman's capsule collects the filtrate from the glomerulus and channels it into the renal tubules for further processing. (iii) Proximal convoluted tubule: - The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs essential nutrients, salts, and water from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. (iv) Distal convoluted tubule: - The distal convoluted tubule further fine-tunes the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and calcium, and secretes hydrogen and potassium ions into the filtrate to regulate blood pH and electrolyte balance. (b) Complete the table below: | Organism | Structure for excretion | Form in which waste is excreted by organism | |-----------|------------------------------|---------------------------------------------| | Flatworm | Flame cells | Liquid | | Earthworm | Nephridia | Liquid | | Cockroach | Malpighian tubules | Solid (uric acid) | | Human | Kidneys | Liquid | | Plant | Stomatal pore | Gas (oxygen and water vapor) | These answers cover the key aspects of nephron function and excretory structures in various organisms as required by the questions.

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