Political Science UGC NET CUET Professor

*Cultural nationalism:* ▪️Johann Herder: Treatise on the Origin of Language in 1972. ▪️Hans Kohn: "The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background". *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan *Nationalism* *1.Benedict Anderson:* Imagined Communities: Reflections of the Origin and Spread of Nationalism *2.Liah Greenfeld:* Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity *3.Ernest Gellner:* 'Nation and nationalism' *4. Anthony D. Smith:* Nationalism and Modernity *5.Hans Kohn:* Nationalism and Liberty *6. Roger's M. Smith:* That Is Not Who We Are *7. Richard Sisson:* Congress and Indian Nationalism

*Important Key Terms* *English School* - An approach to international relations that focuses on the rules and institutions that bring order to international society. It holds the view that while states exist in a formal anarchy, they still form a society. It draws upon and is closely associated with the Grotian tradition. *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan *Frankfurt School* - The name given to a group of German émigrés, led by Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, who fled to New York and California during World War II after working in the Frankfurt Institute of Social Research. They pioneered a form of critical social theory influenced by German thinkers Immanuel Kant and Karl Marx, among others, that challenged prevailing social, political and economic structures in an effort to emancipate all individuals and communities from unjust forms of domination and exclusion. It is the inspiration behind Critical Theory.

*शक्ति की संरचनाएँ* ▪️ *विल्फ्रेडो पेरेटो:* 'माइंड एंड सोसाइटी' *(1935)* ▪️ *गेटानो मोस्का:* 'द रूलिंग क्लास' *(1939)* ▪️ *रॉबर्ट मिशेल्स:* 'कुलीनतंत्र का लौह नियम' *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan ▪️ *सी. राइट मिल्स:* 'द पावर एलीट' *1956* में और द अमेरिकन मिडिल क्लासेस *1951* में और द सोशियोलॉजिकल इमेजिनेशन *1959* में प्रकाशित ▪️ *जी. विलियम डोमहॉफ:* अमेरिका पर कौन शासन करता है? ▪️ *जेम्स बर्नहैम:* प्रबंधकीय क्रांति *(1941)* ▪️ *रॉबर्ट डी. पुटनाम:* द कोलैप्स एंड रिवाइवल ऑफ अमेरिकन कम्युनिटी *2000* में प्रकाशित। ▪️ *थॉमस आर. डाई:* टॉप डाउन पॉलिसीमेकिंग *(2001),* द आइरनी ऑफ डेमोक्रेसी *(1970),* अंडरस्टैंडिंग पब्लिक पॉलिसी *(1972),* अमेरिका को कौन चला रहा है? *तुलनात्मक राजनीति की एक और महत्वपूर्ण पुस्तक:* ▪️एरिच फ्रॉम: *"स्वतंत्रता से पलायन"* ▪️ जीन ब्लोंडेल: *"द प्रेसिडेंशियल रिपब्लिक"* ▪️रॉबर्ट डाहल ने अपनी पुस्तक, पॉलीआर्की: *पार्टिसिपेशन एंड डेमोक्रेसी (1971)* में ▪️रोजर चैरिटन- *राजनीतिक वास्तविकताएँ: तुलनात्मक सरकार (1989)* ▪️एस. एम लिपसेट: *पॉलिटिकल मैन (1960)*

*Structures of Power* ▪️ *Vilfredo Pareto:* 'Mind and Society' *(1935)* ▪️ *Gaetano Mosca:* 'The Ruling Class' *(1939)* ▪️ *Robert Michels:* 'iron law of oligarchy' *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan ▪️ *C. Wright Mills:* 'The Power Elite' in *1956* and The American Middle Classes published in *1951* & The Sociological Imagination in *1959* ▪️ *G. William Domhoff:* Who Rules America? ▪️ *James Burnham:* The Managerial Revolution *(1941)* ▪️ *Robert D. Putnam:* The Collapse and Revival of American Community published in *2000* . ▪️ *Thomas R. Dye:* Top Down Policymaking *(2001),* The Irony of Democracy *(1970),* Understanding Public Policy *(1972),* Who's running America? *Another important book of comparative politics:* ▪️Erich Fromm: *"Escape from freedom"* ▪️ Jean Blondel: *"The Presidential Republic"* ▪️Robert Dahl in his book, Polyarchy: *Participation and Democracy (1971)* ▪️Roger Chariton- *Political Realities: Comparative Government (1989)* ▪️S. M Lipset: *Political Man (1960)*

Important Terminologies in Political Science ▪️Principles of Management – Henri Fayol ▪️Basis of Organization – Luther Gulick ▪️Delegation – Terry ▪️Distributive Justice – John Rawls ▪️Justice as Entitlement – Robert Nozick ▪️Communitarian View of Justice – Michael Walzer ▪️Global Justice – Thomas Pogge ▪️Indian Paradox – Myron Weiner ▪️Congress System – Rajni Kothari ▪️Post-Congress Polity – Suhas Palshikar *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

*राजनीति विज्ञान अतिमहत्वपूर्ण शब्दावली* ▪️प्रबंधन के सिद्धांत- फेयोल ▪️संगठन के आधार- गुलिक ▪️प्रत्यायोजन- टैरी ▪️वितरणात्मक न्याय- जॉन रॉल्स ▪️न्याय पात्रता के रूप में- रॉबर्ट नॉजिक ▪️न्याय का समुदायवादी दृष्टिकोण- माइकल वॉल्जर ▪️वैश्विक न्याय- थॉमस पोगे ▪️भारतीय विडम्बना- माइरॉन वाइनर ▪️काँग्रेस व्यवस्था- रजनी कोठारी ▪️पराकाँग्रेस राजव्यवस्था- सुहास पल्सीकर *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

50 Key Thinkers revision FACTS UGC NET JRF PGT Asst Professor Dr PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES *PART 1* ✅ 1. John Rawls Book: A Theory of Justice (1971) | Concept: Veil of Ignorance, Justice as Fairness ✅ 2. Antonio Gramsci Book: Prison Notebooks (1929–1935) | Concept: Cultural Hegemony *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan ✅ 3. Benedict Anderson Book: Imagined Communities (1983) | Concept: Imagined Nation ✅ 4. Thomas Hobbes Book: Leviathan (1651) | Concept: State of Nature, Social Contract ✅ 5. Andre Gunder Frank Book: The Development of Underdevelopment (1966) | Concept: Dependency Theory ✅ 6. Niccolò Machiavelli Book: The Prince (c. 1513) | Concept: Political Realism, Ethics-Politics Divide ✅ 7. Daniel Bell Book: The End of Ideology (1960) | Concept: Post-Ideological Politics ✅ 8. Hannah Arendt Book: The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) | Concept: Totalitarianism Analysis ✅ 9. Jürgen Habermas Book: The Theory of Communicative Action (1981) | Concept: Communicative Rationality ✅ 10. Samuel P. Huntington Book: The Clash of Civilizations (1996) | Concept: Civilizational Conflict ✅ 11. Kautilya Book: Arthashastra | Concept: Mandala Theory, Saptanga ✅ 12. Simone de Beauvoir Book: The Second Sex (1949) | Concept: Gender as Social Construct ✅ 13. Gabriel Almond Book: Politics of the Developing Areas (1960) | Concept: Structural Functionalism ✅ 14. Deendayal Upadhyaya Work: Integral Humanism Lectures (1965) | Concept: Integral Humanism ✅ 15. J.S. Mill Book: On Liberty (1859) | Concept: Harm Principle *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan ✅ 16. B.R. Ambedkar Book: Annihilation of Caste (1936) | Concept: Anti-Caste Ideology ✅ 17. Anthony Downs Book: An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957) | Concept: Rational Choice ✅ 18. Samuel P. Huntington Book: Political Order in Changing Societies (1968) | Concept: Political Decay ✅ 19. Robert Putnam Book: Making Democracy Work (1993) | Concept: Social Capital ✅ 20. E.F. Schumacher Book: Small Is Beautiful (1973) | Concept: Appropriate Technology ✅ 21. M.N. Srinivas Book: India’s Villages (1955) | Concept: Dominant Caste ✅ 22. Frantz Fanon Book: The Wretched of the Earth (1961) | Concept: Colonial Psychology ✅ 23. Harold Laski Book: A Grammar of Politics (1925) | Concept: Pluralism ✅ 24. J.J. Rousseau Book: The Social Contract (1762) | Concept: General Will ✅ 25. M.K. Gandhi Journal: Harijan (1933–1948) | Concept: Trusteeship *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

Important Key Terms of Political Science. UGC NET 📚📚 Do memorise ALL. *Ancient Greece* 1. Plato:     - Justice (Republic)     - Forms of Government (Republic)     - Philosopher-King (Republic) 2. Aristotle:     - Types of Constitutions (Politics)     - Mixed Government (Politics)     - Virtue Ethics (Nicomachean Ethics) *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan *Social Contract Thinkers* 1. Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan, 1651):     - State of Nature     - Social Contract     - Absolute Sovereignty 2. John Locke (Two Treatises, 1689):     - Natural Rights     - Consent of the Governed     - Separation of Powers 3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Social Contract, 1762):     - General Will     - Civil Society     - Sovereignty of the People *Liberalism* 1. John Stuart Mill (On Liberty, 1859):     - Individual Liberty     - Utilitarianism     - Free Speech 2. John Rawls (A Theory of Justice, 1971):     - Justice as Fairness     - Original Position     - Difference Principle *Conservatism* 1. Edmund Burke (Reflections, 1790):     - Tradition     - Organic Society     - Prudence 2. Friedrich Hayek (The Road to Serfdom, 1944):     - Limited Government     - Free Market     - Individualism *Marxism* 1. Karl Marx (Das Kapital, 1867):     - Class Struggle     - Alienation     - Communist Revolution 2. Friedrich Engels (The Condition, 1845):     - Scientific Socialism     - Historical Materialism *Postmodernism* 1. Michel Foucault (Discipline and Punish, 1975):     - Power/Knowledge     - Disciplinary Power     - Resistance 2. Jean-François Lyotard (The Postmodern Condition, 1979):     - Grand Narratives     - Language Games     - Hyperreality *Feminism* 1. Simone de Beauvoir (The Second Sex, 1949):     - Existential Feminism     - Otherness     - Women's Liberation 2. Betty Friedan (The Feminine Mystique, 1963):     - Feminine Mystique     - Women's Rights     - Equal Opportunity *3 more Thinkers* 1. Niccolò Machiavelli (The Prince, 1513):     - Realism     - Statecraft     - Virtù 2. Immanuel Kant (Perpetual Peace, 1795):     - Cosmopolitanism     - Moral Law     - International Relations 3. Hannah Arendt (The Origins, 1951):     - Totalitarianism     - Human Condition     - Banality of Evil *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

📘UGC NET Political Science Indian Political Thinker (Mahatma Gandhi) *DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES* Q1. ‘Hind Swaraj’ किस भारतीय राजनीतिक चिंतक की रचना है?/‘Hind Swaraj’ is a work of which Indian political thinker? A) Jawaharlal Nehru / जवाहरलाल नेहरू B) Mahatma Gandhi / महात्मा गांधी ✅ C) B. R. Ambedkar / बी. आर. अम्बेडकर D) Rabindranath Tagore / रवीन्द्रनाथ टैगोर Correct Answer: B) Mahatma Gandhi / महात्मा गांधी ✅ *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan 🔹 Explanation: ▪️ Written in 1909 ▪️ Critique of modern Western civilization ▪️ Advocates self-rule and moral politics ▪️ Foundational text of Gandhian political thought 🔹 व्याख्या: ▪️ 1909 में लिखी गई ▪️ आधुनिक पाश्चात्य सभ्यता की आलोचना ▪️ स्वराज और नैतिक राजनीति का समर्थन ▪️ गांधीवादी राजनीतिक विचार का आधार Q2. गांधीजी के अनुसार ‘स्वराज’ का वास्तविक अर्थ क्या है?/According to Gandhi, the real meaning of Swaraj is: A) Political independence only / केवल राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता B) Economic self-sufficiency / आर्थिक आत्मनिर्भरता C) Self-control and moral autonomy / आत्मसंयम और नैतिक आत्मशासन ✅ D) Parliamentary democracy / संसदीय लोकतंत्र Correct Answer: C) Self-control and moral autonomy / आत्मसंयम और नैतिक आत्मशासन ✅ 🔹 Explanation: ▪️ Swaraj begins with individual self-discipline ▪️ Moral freedom is more important than political freedom ▪️ Inner transformation is essential ▪️ Core Gandhian concept 🔹 व्याख्या: ▪️ स्वराज की शुरुआत आत्मसंयम से होती है ▪️ नैतिक स्वतंत्रता राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता से अधिक महत्वपूर्ण ▪️ आंतरिक परिवर्तन अनिवार्य ▪️ गांधीवाद की केंद्रीय अवधारणा Q3. ‘Satyagraha’ की अवधारणा किस सिद्धांत पर आधारित है?/The concept of Satyagraha is based on which principle? A) Use of force / बल प्रयोग B) Passive obedience / निष्क्रिय आज्ञाकारिता C) Truth and Non-violence / सत्य और अहिंसा ✅ D) Legal authority / कानूनी सत्ता Correct Answer: C) Truth and Non-violence / सत्य और अहिंसा✅ *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan 🔹 Explanation: ▪️ Satyagraha means holding onto truth ▪️ Non-violent resistance against injustice ▪️ Moral appeal to the opponent ▪️ Distinct from passive resistance 🔹 व्याख्या: ▪️ सत्याग्रह का अर्थ सत्य पर अडिग रहना ▪️ अन्याय के विरुद्ध अहिंसक प्रतिरोध ▪️ विरोधी की नैतिक चेतना को संबोधित ▪️ निष्क्रिय प्रतिरोध से भिन्न Q4. गांधीजी किस प्रकार के राज्य की कल्पना करते थे?/What kind of state did Gandhi envision? A) Strong centralized state / मजबूत केंद्रीकृत राज्य B) Totalitarian state / सर्वसत्तावादी राज्य C) Stateless society / राज्यविहीन समाज ✅ D) Welfare state / कल्याणकारी राज्य Correct Answer: C) Stateless society / राज्यविहीन समाज ✅ 🔹 Explanation: ▪️ State represents violence and coercion ▪️ Ideal society based on voluntary cooperation ▪️ Decentralized village republics ▪️ Moral authority replaces political power 🔹 व्याख्या: ▪️ राज्य हिंसा और बल का प्रतीक ▪️ स्वैच्छिक सहयोग पर आधारित समाज ▪️ विकेन्द्रित ग्राम-स्वराज ▪️ नैतिक सत्ता राजनीतिक सत्ता का स्थान लेती है Q5. गांधीजी की आर्थिक विचारधारा का मूल सिद्धांत क्या था?/The core principle of Gandhian economic thought is: A) Industrial capitalism / औद्योगिक पूंजीवाद B) State socialism / राज्य समाजवाद C) Trusteeship / न्यासिता (ट्रस्टीशिप) ✅ D) Free market economy / मुक्त बाजार अर्थव्यवस्था Correct Answer: C) Trusteeship / न्यासिता (ट्रस्टीशिप) ✅ 🔹 Explanation: ▪️ Wealth holders act as trustees for society ▪️ Rejects violent redistribution ▪️ Ethical solution to inequality ▪️ Middle path between capitalism and socialism 🔹 व्याख्या: ▪️ संपत्ति धारक समाज के ट्रस्टी होते हैं ▪️ हिंसक पुनर्वितरण का विरोध ▪️ असमानता की नैतिक समाधान ▪️ पूंजीवाद और समाजवाद के बीच मध्य मार्ग *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

*Structural Marxism* ➡️ Key Scholars: 1⃣ Antonio Gramsci: *(1891-1937) Italian Marxist* ▪️Idea of Cultural Hegemony 'Prison Notebooks' 2⃣ Justin Rosenberg: *(English Scholar) Neo-Marxism approach to IR Book: 'The Follies of Globalization' and 'The empire of Civil Society'* 3⃣ Immanuel Wallerstein *(1930-2019)* *Concept: World System Theory'* UGC NET JRF To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan 4⃣ Andrew Linklater (1949) Books: *'Beyond Realism and Marxism' (1990), 'The Transformation of Political Community' (1998), 'Critical Theory and World Politics' (2007)* 5⃣ Andre Gunder Frank *(1929-2005)* Book: *Dependent accumulation and underdevelopment.* 6⃣ Robert Warburton Cox *(1926-2018)* Canadian scholar of political science. Books - *'Production, power and world order (1987) and 'Political economy of plural world (2002)*

✳️ स्ट्रक्चरल मार्क्सवाद (Structural Marxism) 🔷 प्रमुख विद्वान (Key Scholars): 1⃣ अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी (1891-1937) – इटालियन मार्क्सवादी ▪️ संस्कृतिक प्रभुत्व (Cultural Hegemony) का विचार ▪️ प्रसिद्ध कृति: Prison Notebooks 2⃣ जस्टिन रोसेनबर्ग – अंग्रेज़ विद्वान, नव मार्क्सवादी (Neo-Marxist) अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों (IR) के दृष्टिकोण से 📚 पुस्तकें: The Follies of Globalization, The Empire of Civil Society 3⃣ इमैनुअल वॉलरस्टीन (1930–2019) ▪️ प्रमुख अवधारणा: विश्व प्रणाली सिद्धांत (World System Theory) UGC NET JRF To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan 4⃣ एंड्रयू लिंकलेटर (1949–) 📚 पुस्तकें: ▪️ Beyond Realism and Marxism (1990) ▪️ The Transformation of Political Community (1998) ▪️ Critical Theory and World Politics (2007) 5⃣ आंद्रे गुंडर फ्रैंक (1929–2005) 📚 प्रमुख कृति: Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment ▪️ विकास और अधीनता का विश्लेषण 6⃣ रॉबर्ट वॉरबर्टन कॉक्स (1926–2018) – कैनेडियन राजनीति शास्त्री 📚 पुस्तकें: ▪️ Production, Power and World Order (1987) ▪️ Political Economy of a Plural World (2002)

India's Foreign Policy - NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT (NAM) To Get PDF / HARDCOPY notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

🌍 Political Science – International Organizations (HQ + Foundation Year) 1. Global Organizations 🔹 United Nations (UN) – New York City, USA (1945) 🔹 World Health Organization (WHO) – Geneva, Switzerland (1948) 🔹 World Trade Organization (WTO) – Geneva, Switzerland (1995) 🔹 International Labour Organization (ILO) – Geneva, Switzerland (1919) 🔹 International Monetary Fund (IMF) – Washington D.C., USA (1944) 🔹 World Bank – Washington D.C., USA (1944) ▪️UGC NET JRF To Get PDF/HARDCOPY notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan 2. Economic Organizations 🔹 Asian Development Bank (ADB) – Mandaluyong, Philippines (1966) 🔹 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) – Paris, France (1961) 🔹 European Union (EU) – Brussels, Belgium (1993) 🔹 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – Vienna, Austria (1960) 3. Environmental Organizations 🔹 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) – Nairobi, Kenya (1972) 🔹 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) – Gland, Switzerland (1961) *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan 4. Human Rights Organizations 🔹 Amnesty International – London, UK (1961) 🔹 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) – Geneva, Switzerland (1950) 5. Sports Organizations 🔹 International Olympic Committee (IOC) – Lausanne, Switzerland (1894) 🔹 International Cricket Council (ICC) – Dubai, UAE (1909) 6. Other Organizations 🔹 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) – Vienna, Austria (1957) 🔹 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) – Geneva, Switzerland (1865) 🔹 Universal Postal Union (UPU) – Bern, Switzerland (1874) 🔹 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) – Rome, Italy (1945) 🔹 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) – Paris, France (1945) 🔹 International Maritime Organization (IMO) – London, UK (1948) 🔹 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) – Geneva, Switzerland (1967) 🔹 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) – Geneva, Switzerland (1950) *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

Topic- International Relations Q1. Assertion (A): The concept of complex interdependence challenges the realist notion of an anarchic international system. Reason (R): Complex interdependence emphasizes the multiple channels of interaction and the decline of military force as a tool of policy. Codes: A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). C. (A) is true, but (R) is false. D. (A) is false, but (R) is true. *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan Answer: A ✔ Explanation: ▪️ The concept of Complex Interdependence was introduced by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye in their 1977 work Power and Interdependence. ▪️ It criticizes Realism’s view that military power is the central instrument in international politics. ▪️ According to complex interdependence: • States are connected through multiple channels (formal and informal). • Military force is less useful in resolving certain international issues (like trade, climate change). • International organizations and non-state actors play key roles.▪️ Therefore, (A) is correct, as complex interdependence indeed challenges the Realist framework.▪️ (R) is also correct and provides the key features that justify the assertion. Q2. Match the scholars with their key contributions in International Relations: List-I(Scholars) a. Kenneth Waltz b. Alexander Wendt c. Joseph Nye d. Immanuel Kant List-II(Contributions) 1. Theory of Neorealism 2. Social Constructivism 3. Soft Power 4. Perpetual Peace Codes: A. a–1, b–2, c–3, d–4 B. a–2, b–1, c–4, d–3 C. a–3, b–4, c–1, d–2 D. a–4, b–3, c–2, d–1 Answer: A ✔ Explanation: ▪️ Kenneth Waltz – Propounded Neorealism or Structural Realism in his book Theory of International Politics (1979). ▪️ Alexander Wendt – Leading figure of Social Constructivism, famous for the phrase "Anarchy is what states make of it." ▪️ Joseph Nye – Introduced the concept of Soft Power, explaining how attraction and persuasion are tools of influence. ▪️ Immanuel Kant – Proposed the idea of Perpetual Peace through republican constitutions and a federation of free states. *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

Topic- अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंध (International Relations) प्रश्न 1. कथन (A): जटिल पारस्परिक निर्भरता (Complex Interdependence) की अवधारणा, अराजक अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रणाली की यथार्थवादी (Realist) धारणा को चुनौती देती है। कारण (R): जटिल पारस्परिक निर्भरता, परस्पर क्रिया के अनेक माध्यमों और नीति के उपकरण के रूप में सैन्य शक्ति की गिरावट पर बल देती है। संहिता (Codes): A. (A) और (R) दोनों सत्य हैं और (R), (A) की सही व्याख्या है। B. (A) और (R) दोनों सत्य हैं लेकिन (R), (A) की सही व्याख्या नहीं है। C. (A) सत्य है, लेकिन (R) असत्य है। D. (A) असत्य है, लेकिन (R) सत्य है। *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan उत्तर: A ✔ व्याख्या: ▪️ Complex Interdependence की अवधारणा रॉबर्ट कीओहेन और जोसेफ नाई ने 1977 में अपनी पुस्तक Power and Interdependence में दी थी। ▪️ यह यथार्थवाद की उस धारणा की आलोचना करती है जिसमें सैन्य शक्ति को अंतरराष्ट्रीय राजनीति का मुख्य साधन माना गया है। ▪️ जटिल पारस्परिक निर्भरता के अनुसार: • राज्य कई औपचारिक और अनौपचारिक माध्यमों से जुड़े होते हैं। • व्यापार और जलवायु परिवर्तन जैसे मुद्दों को हल करने में सैन्य शक्ति कम उपयोगी हो गई है। • अंतरराष्ट्रीय संगठनों और गैर-राज्यीय अभिनेताओं की भूमिका महत्वपूर्ण होती है। ▪️ इसलिए, (A) सही है क्योंकि यह यथार्थवादी ढांचे को चुनौती देता है और (R) भी सत्य है जो (A) की उपयुक्त व्याख्या करता है। प्रश्न 2. अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंधों में विद्वानों को उनके प्रमुख योगदानों से मिलाइए: सूची – I (विद्वान) a. केनेथ वाल्ट्ज b. अलेक्जेंडर वेंड्ट c. जोसेफ नाई d. इमैनुएल कांट सूची – II (योगदान) नियो-रियलिज़्म का सिद्धांत सामाजिक संरचनावाद (Social Constructivism) सॉफ्ट पावर (Soft Power) स्थायी शांति (Perpetual Peace) संहिता (Codes): A. a–1, b–2, c–3, d–4 B. a–2, b–1, c–4, d–3 C. a–3, b–4, c–1, d–2 D. a–4, b–3, c–2, d–1 उत्तर: A ✔ व्याख्या: ▪️ केनेथ वाल्ट्ज – अपनी पुस्तक Theory of International Politics (1979) में नियो-रियलिज़्म (Structural Realism) का प्रतिपादन किया। ▪️ अलेक्जेंडर वेंड्ट – सामाजिक संरचनावाद (Social Constructivism) के प्रमुख प्रवर्तक, प्रसिद्ध वाक्य "Anarchy is what states make of it" से जाने जाते हैं। ▪️ जोसेफ नाई – Soft Power की अवधारणा दी, जिसमें आकर्षण और सहमति को प्रभाव के उपकरण के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया। ▪️ इमैनुएल कांट – Perpetual Peace (स्थायी शांति) की परिकल्पना की, जिसमें लोकतांत्रिक गणराज्य और मुक्त राष्ट्रों के महासंघ का विचार शामिल है। *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

👤 Hegel: Introduction & Background 🔹 Full Name: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 🔹 Life Span: 1770 – 1831 🔹 Born in: Stuttgart, Germany 🔹 Philosophical Tradition: German Idealism 🔹 Historical Context: • Germany politically fragmented • No industrial unity • Desire for National Integration 🎯 Core Aim of Hegel: 👉 German Unity & Strong Nation-State 📚 Influences on Hegel ✔️ Immanuel Kant – Critique of Pure Reason (1781) ✔️ Fichte – National consciousness ✔️ Schelling – Idealism ✔️ Herder – Concept of Volksgeist (National Spirit) 📌 NET Fact: Concept of Volksgeist = Soul of the Nation। Get completed study notes wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan DR PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES

Topic- International Relations Q1. Assertion (A): The concept of complex interdependence challenges the realist notion of an anarchic international system. Reason (R): Complex interdependence emphasizes the multiple channels of interaction and the decline of military force as a tool of policy. Codes: A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). C. (A) is true, but (R) is false. D. (A) is false, but (R) is true. *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan Answer: A ✔ Explanation: ▪️ The concept of Complex Interdependence was introduced by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye in their 1977 work Power and Interdependence. ▪️ It criticizes Realism’s view that military power is the central instrument in international politics. ▪️ According to complex interdependence: • States are connected through multiple channels (formal and informal). • Military force is less useful in resolving certain international issues (like trade, climate change). • International organizations and non-state actors play key roles.▪️ Therefore, (A) is correct, as complex interdependence indeed challenges the Realist framework.▪️ (R) is also correct and provides the key features that justify the assertion. Q2. Match the scholars with their key contributions in International Relations: List-I(Scholars) a. Kenneth Waltz b. Alexander Wendt c. Joseph Nye d. Immanuel Kant List-II(Contributions) 1. Theory of Neorealism 2. Social Constructivism 3. Soft Power 4. Perpetual Peace Codes: A. a–1, b–2, c–3, d–4 B. a–2, b–1, c–4, d–3 C. a–3, b–4, c–1, d–2 D. a–4, b–3, c–2, d–1 Answer: A ✔ Explanation: ▪️ Kenneth Waltz – Propounded Neorealism or Structural Realism in his book Theory of International Politics (1979). ▪️ Alexander Wendt – Leading figure of Social Constructivism, famous for the phrase "Anarchy is what states make of it." ▪️ Joseph Nye – Introduced the concept of Soft Power, explaining how attraction and persuasion are tools of influence. ▪️ Immanuel Kant – Proposed the idea of Perpetual Peace through republican constitutions and a federation of free states. *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

Topic- अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंध (International Relations) प्रश्न 1. कथन (A): जटिल पारस्परिक निर्भरता (Complex Interdependence) की अवधारणा, अराजक अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रणाली की यथार्थवादी (Realist) धारणा को चुनौती देती है। कारण (R): जटिल पारस्परिक निर्भरता, परस्पर क्रिया के अनेक माध्यमों और नीति के उपकरण के रूप में सैन्य शक्ति की गिरावट पर बल देती है। संहिता (Codes): A. (A) और (R) दोनों सत्य हैं और (R), (A) की सही व्याख्या है। B. (A) और (R) दोनों सत्य हैं लेकिन (R), (A) की सही व्याख्या नहीं है। C. (A) सत्य है, लेकिन (R) असत्य है। D. (A) असत्य है, लेकिन (R) सत्य है। *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan उत्तर: A ✔ व्याख्या: ▪️ Complex Interdependence की अवधारणा रॉबर्ट कीओहेन और जोसेफ नाई ने 1977 में अपनी पुस्तक Power and Interdependence में दी थी। ▪️ यह यथार्थवाद की उस धारणा की आलोचना करती है जिसमें सैन्य शक्ति को अंतरराष्ट्रीय राजनीति का मुख्य साधन माना गया है। ▪️ जटिल पारस्परिक निर्भरता के अनुसार: • राज्य कई औपचारिक और अनौपचारिक माध्यमों से जुड़े होते हैं। • व्यापार और जलवायु परिवर्तन जैसे मुद्दों को हल करने में सैन्य शक्ति कम उपयोगी हो गई है। • अंतरराष्ट्रीय संगठनों और गैर-राज्यीय अभिनेताओं की भूमिका महत्वपूर्ण होती है। ▪️ इसलिए, (A) सही है क्योंकि यह यथार्थवादी ढांचे को चुनौती देता है और (R) भी सत्य है जो (A) की उपयुक्त व्याख्या करता है। प्रश्न 2. अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंधों में विद्वानों को उनके प्रमुख योगदानों से मिलाइए: सूची – I (विद्वान) a. केनेथ वाल्ट्ज b. अलेक्जेंडर वेंड्ट c. जोसेफ नाई d. इमैनुएल कांट सूची – II (योगदान) नियो-रियलिज़्म का सिद्धांत सामाजिक संरचनावाद (Social Constructivism) सॉफ्ट पावर (Soft Power) स्थायी शांति (Perpetual Peace) संहिता (Codes): A. a–1, b–2, c–3, d–4 B. a–2, b–1, c–4, d–3 C. a–3, b–4, c–1, d–2 D. a–4, b–3, c–2, d–1 उत्तर: A ✔ व्याख्या: ▪️ केनेथ वाल्ट्ज – अपनी पुस्तक Theory of International Politics (1979) में नियो-रियलिज़्म (Structural Realism) का प्रतिपादन किया। ▪️ अलेक्जेंडर वेंड्ट – सामाजिक संरचनावाद (Social Constructivism) के प्रमुख प्रवर्तक, प्रसिद्ध वाक्य "Anarchy is what states make of it" से जाने जाते हैं। ▪️ जोसेफ नाई – Soft Power की अवधारणा दी, जिसमें आकर्षण और सहमति को प्रभाव के उपकरण के रूप में प्रस्तुत किया। ▪️ इमैनुएल कांट – Perpetual Peace (स्थायी शांति) की परिकल्पना की, जिसमें लोकतांत्रिक गणराज्य और मुक्त राष्ट्रों के महासंघ का विचार शामिल है। *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

📘 UGC NET June 2026 EXAM DR. PS YADUVANSHI CLASSES 🔹 Important Definitions & Concepts – Political Science 1. Sovereignty ▪️ Definition: The supreme power of a state to make and enforce laws within its territory without external interference. ▪️ Propounder: Jean Bodin (16th century). ▪️ Types: Internal & External Sovereignty. 2. Legitimacy ▪️ Definition: The acceptance of authority as rightful and justified by the people. ▪️ Propounder: Max Weber — classified legitimacy into traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational. UGC NET JRF To Get *PDF / HARDCOPY* notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan 3. Power ▪️ Definition: The ability of an individual or group to influence others or control outcomes. ▪️ Thinker: Robert Dahl defines power as “A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do something B would not otherwise do.” 4. Authority ▪️ Definition: Power that is recognized as legitimate and justified. ▪️ Max Weber’s Types: Traditional, Charismatic, Legal-rational. 5. Liberty ▪️ Definition: The condition in which individuals can act freely without restraint, within the limits of law. ▪️ Two Types: Negative Liberty (freedom from interference) & Positive Liberty (freedom to act). ▪️ Thinkers: Isaiah Berlin, John Stuart Mill. 6. Equality ▪️ Definition: The state of being equal in status, rights, and opportunities. ▪️ Dimensions: Political, Social, Economic, and Legal Equality. ▪️ Modern Advocate: T. H. Green – linked equality to social welfare. 7. Justice ▪️ Definition: The principle of fairness ensuring individuals get what they deserve. ▪️ Thinker: John Rawls – “Justice as Fairness.” ▪️ Forms: Distributive, Procedural, Social, and Legal Justice. 8. Democracy ▪️ Definition: A system of government where power ultimately rests with the people. ▪️ Abraham Lincoln: “Government of the people, by the people, for the people.” ▪️ Types: Direct & Representative Democracy. 9. Nation and Nationalism ▪️ Nation: A group of people sharing common culture, language, history, and identity. ▪️ Nationalism: Ideology emphasizing loyalty and devotion to one’s nation. ▪️ Thinkers: Ernest Renan, Benedict Anderson (“Imagined Communities”). 10. Political Culture ▪️ Definition: The set of attitudes, beliefs, and values that give meaning to political processes. ▪️ Propounder: Gabriel Almond & Sidney Verba (in The Civic Culture, 1963). ▪️ Types: Parochial, Subject, and Participant Culture. *UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan

*UGC NET JRF / SET/ PGT/ Asst Professor* 👨‍🏫👨‍🏫 To Get PDF/Hardcopy notes click here👇 wa.me/+919982735777?text=I_need_Complete_notes_with_DishaDarshan