JUMBO Study group

*🛡️Official Language* ♟️According to Part 17 Article 343 of the Indian Constitution, the Union's official language is Hindi and the script is Devanagari. ♟️Under Article 344, there is a provision for the President to appoint a commission to advise on certain matters related to the official language. ♟️The first Official Language Commission was constituted in 1955. ♟️The original Constitution included a total of 14 languages. ♟️According to the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, currently a total of 22 languages are recognized as official languages. ♟️Article 345 provides provisions related to the official languages of the states. ♟️Under Article 348, provisions are made for the language to be used in the High Court, Supreme Court, Parliament, and State Legislatures. ♟️Under Article 120, provisions are made for the language to be used in Parliament.

*🛡️Retired Judge* ♟️At any time, the chief justice of India can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired judge of a high court (who is duly qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court) to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period. ♟️He can do so only with the previous consent of the president and also of the person to be so appointed. ♟️Such a judge is entitled to such allowances as the president may determine. ♟️He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge of Supreme Court. But, he will not otherwise be deemed to be a judge of the Supreme Court.

🛡️ *Significance Of Fundamental Duties* ♟️They serve as a reminder to the citizens that while enjoying their rights, they should also be conscious of duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow citizens. ♟️They serve as a warning against the anti-national and anti-social activities like burning the national flag, destroying public property and so on. ♟️They serve as a source of inspiration for the citizens and promote a sense of discipline and commitment among them. ♟️They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. ♟️They are enforceable by law. Hence, the Parliament can provide for the imposition of appropriate penalty or punishment for failure to fulfil any of them.

*🛡️Important case laws related to Constitution of India:* *1 S.R.Bommai v.UOI:* (1994) Federalism I Secularism Artilcle 356 and floor test. S. R. Bommai case was a landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India, where the Court discussed provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India and related issues. This case had a huge impact on Centre-State Relations. The judgement attempted to curb misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed on state governments. *2 Samsher Singh v. State of punjab: (1974)* Function of President/Governor with aid and advice of Council of Ministers *3 Maneka Gandhi v. UOI: (1978)* Article 21 Right to travel abroad (Article 14, 19 and 21) *4 Indra Sawhney v. UOI: (1992)* SCC - Mandal Commission *5 C. Golaknath case (1967):* Validity of the First and Seventeenth Amendments and described the scope of Article 13 *6 Kesvananda Bharti case (1973):* Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution *7 Menaka Gandhi case (1978):* Significant towards the transformation of the judicial review *8 Waman Rao Case (1981):* Validity of 9th Schedule.

*🛡️Question Hour* ♟️The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is slotted for this. ♟️During this time, the members ask questions and the ministers usually give answers. The questions are of three kinds, namely, starred, unstarred and short notice. ♟️A starred question (distinguished by an asterisk) requires an oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow. ♟️An unstarred question, on the other hand, requires a written answer and hence, supplementary questions cannot follow. ♟️A short notice question is one that is asked by giving a notice of less than ten days. It is answered orally.

*🛡️Retired Judge* ♟️At any time, the chief justice of India can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired judge of a high court (who is duly qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court) to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period. ♟️He can do so only with the previous consent of the president and also of the person to be so appointed. ♟️Such a judge is entitled to such allowances as the president may determine. ♟️He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge of Supreme Court. But, he will not otherwise be deemed to be a judge of the Supreme Court.

*🛡️Sixth Schedule* ♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution. *💎Advantages* ♟️Democratic devolution of powers ♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region ♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land ♟️Enhance transfer of funds *💎Issues* ♟️Limited geographical coverage ♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption ♟️Financial dependency over state authority ♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers ♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega. ♟️Lack of codification of customary laws ♟️Lack of skilled professionals. ♟️Creation of elected village councils ♟️Regular election by state election commission ♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws ♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.

*🛡️Council of Ministers in states* ♟️In a Parliamentary form of government, the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister is the executive authority. ♟️The states under the Indian constitution are organised on the pattern as that of the centre. ♟️The Council of Ministers in the state is a replica of the council of Ministers at the centre. ♟️They resemble in formation, function and role in the administration. ♟️The constitution provides a broad and general view of the principles of Parliamentary system of Government in Article 163 and Article 164 . ♟️Council of ministers are there to aid and advise the Governor of the state in various matters. ♟️In a Parliamentary form of government, the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister is the executive authority. ♟️The states under the Indian constitution are organised on the pattern as that of the centre. ♟️The Council of Ministers in the state is a replica of the council of Ministers at the centre. ♟️They resemble in formation, function and role in the administration. ♟️The constitution provides a broad and general view of the principles of Parliamentary system of Government in Article 163 and Article 164 . ♟️Council of ministers are there to aid and advise the Governor of the state in various matters. *Support our Efforts with your 👍❤️*

*🛡️A Secular State* ♟️The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State. ♟️The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State: ♟️The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. ♟️The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief,Faith and worship. ♟️The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws (Article 14). ♟️The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion (Article 15). ♟️Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment (Article 16).

*President* 🔸 The President must be a citizen of India, not less than 35 years of age and qualified for  election as a member of the Lok Sabha. 🔸 His term of office is five years and he is eligible for re-election. 🔸His removal from office is to be in  accordance with procedure prescribed in Article 61 of the Constitution. 🔸 The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and is exercised by him either directly  or through officers’ subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution. 🔸The President summons, prorogues, addresses, sends messages to Parliament and dissolves  the Lok Sabha; promulgates Ordinances at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are  in session.

*🛡️First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951* *💎Key Additions* *♟️Article 15(4)* Allowed the State to make special provisions for SEBCs, SCs, and STs. *♟️Context* Added after the Champakam Dorairajan Case (1951) invalidated Madras's education reservation policy due to lack of constitutional backing. *💎Article 31A, Article 31B & 9th Schedule* *♟️Purpose* Protected land reform laws from judicial review, ensuring they couldn’t be invalidated for violating Fundamental Rights. *♟️Impact* Addressed challenges to land reforms, laying the foundation for the Basic Structure Doctrine and balancing Rights and Directive Principles. *💎Key Changes* ♟️Article 19(2) & (6): Added grounds to restrict freedom of speech and expression, including Public Order, Friendly Relations with Foreign States, and Incitement to an Offence. *💎Unique Context* ♟️Enacted by the Constituent Assembly, functioning as a provisional Parliament before the first Lok Sabha elections in 1952. *💎Significance* ♟️Strengthened social justice by empowering the State to support marginalized communities. ♟️Facilitated agrarian reforms, ensuring smoother implementation of land redistribution policies. ♟️The First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951 showcased the Constitution's adaptability, setting precedents for balancing rights and directive principles.

*🛡️A Secular State* ♟️The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State. ♟️The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State: ♟️The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. ♟️The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief,Faith and worship. ♟️The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws (Article 14). ♟️The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion (Article 15). ♟️Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment (Article 16).

*🛡️Directive Principles Of State policy DPSP* ♟️The constitution of India aims to establish not only political democracy but also socioeconomic justice to the people to establish a welfare state. ♟️These provisions are given in Part IV of Indian Constitution. ♟️Directive Principles of state policy are in the form of instructions to the governments at the centre as well as states. ♟️Though these principles are non justiciable, they are fundamental in the governance of the country. ♟️The idea of the Directive Principles of State Policy has been taken from the Irish Republic . ♟️The Directive Principles of State policy were incorporated in our constitution in order to provide economic justice and to avoid concentration of wealth in the hands of few people. ♟️The constitution covers from Article 36 to 51 as Directive Principles of State Policy. ♟️They are unique blend of socialistic, liberal, democratic and Gandhian Principles. ♟️They describe as the ‘conscience of the constitution’. ♟️In the “State of Tamil Nadu etc. Vs L.Abu Kavur Bai” case in 1984 , the Supreme court held that although directive principles of State Policy are not enforceable, yet the court should not avoid them.

*♟️Qualification Of Judges* ♟️A person to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court should have the following qualifications:- ✔️He should be a citizen of India. ✔️a) He should have been a judge of a High Court (or high courts in succession) for five years; or (b) He should have been an advocate of a High Court (or High Courts in succession) for ten years; or (c) He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the president. ♟️From the above, it is clear that the Constitution has not prescribed a minimum age for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court.