Research-ሪሰርች(ጁፒተር-Jupiter)
رفتن به کانال در Telegram
🔷 Business proposal 🔷 Proposal(Masters) 🔷 Research ማማከር 🔷 survey questionnaire ለማዘጋጀት እናማክራለን 🛑 ለተመራቂዎች ተማሪዎች ጥሩ ርዕሰ እንዴት መምረጥ እንዳለባችሁ እናማክራለን!
نمایش بیشتر📈 تحلیل کانال تلگرام Research-ሪሰርች(ጁፒተር-Jupiter)
کانال Research-ሪሰርች(ጁፒተር-Jupiter) (@researchrc) در بخش زبانی انگلیسی بازیگری فعال است. در حال حاضر جامعه شامل 15 091 مشترک است و جایگاه 13 239 را در دسته آموزش و رتبه 2 259 را در منطقه أثيوبيا دارد.
📊 شاخصهای مخاطب و پویایی
از زمان ایجاد در невідомо، پروژه رشد سریعی داشته و 15 091 مشترک جذب کرده است.
بر اساس آخرین دادهها در تاریخ 02 سپتامبر, 2026، کانال فعالیت پایداری دارد. در ۳۰ روز گذشته تغییر اعضا برابر -155 و در ۲۴ ساعت گذشته برابر -9 بوده و همچنان دسترسی گستردهای حفظ شده است.
- وضعیت تأیید: تأیید نشده
- نرخ تعامل (ER): میانگین تعامل مخاطب 10.55% است و در ۲۴ ساعت نخست پس از انتشار، محتوا معمولاً 4.02% واکنش نسبت به کل مشترکان کسب میکند.
- دسترسی پستها: هر پست به طور میانگین 1 592 بازدید دریافت میکند. در اولین روز معمولاً 607 بازدید جمعآوری میشود.
- واکنشها و تعامل: مخاطبان بهطور فعال حمایت میکنند؛ میانگین واکنش به هر پست 5 است.
- علایق موضوعی: محتوا بر موضوعات کلیدی مانند sample, population, anova, assumption, proposal تمرکز دارد.
📝 توضیح و سیاست محتوایی
نویسنده این فضا را محل بیان دیدگاههای شخصی توصیف میکند:
“🔷 Business proposal
🔷 Proposal(Masters)
🔷 Research ማማከር
🔷 survey questionnaire ለማዘጋጀት እናማክራለን
🛑 ለተመራቂዎች ተማሪዎች ጥሩ ርዕሰ እንዴት መምረጥ እንዳለባችሁ እናማክራለን!”
به لطف بهروزرسانیهای پرتکرار (آخرین داده در تاریخ 03 سپتامبر, 2026)، کانال همواره بهروز و دارای دسترسی بالاست. تحلیلها نشان میدهد مخاطبان بهطور فعال با محتوا تعامل دارند و آن را به نقطه اثرگذاری مهم در دسته آموزش تبدیل کردهاند.
15 091
مشترکین
-924 ساعت
-447 روز
-15530 روز
در حال بارگیری داده...
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پستهای کانال
ANOVA and MANOVA
🍎ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) are statistical methods used to analyze differences between groups. Both methods are commonly used in social, behavioral, and biological research to compare means across different groups.
✍️ANOVA is used when there is only one dependent variable, and the independent variable has two or more levels.
✍️It tests whether there are significant differences in the means of the dependent variable across the levels of the independent variable.
✍️ ANOVA assumes that the dependent variable is normally distributed and that the variances of the groups are equal.
🍏MANOVA, on the other hand, is used when there are two or more dependent variables. It tests whether there are significant differences in the means of the dependent variables across the levels of the independent variable.
🌱MANOVA is a multivariate extension of ANOVA, and it allows researchers to test for differences in multiple dependent variables simultaneously.
🌱MANOVA assumes that the dependent variables are normally distributed and that the covariance matrices of the groups are equal.
ለጥናትና ምርምርዎ እገዛ ይፈልጋሉ?
አዎ ከሆነ መልስዎ!
በመንግስትም ሆነ በግል ዩኒቨርሲቲ/ኮሌጅ በዲግሪ እና በማስተርስ ፕሮግራም ለምትማሩ እና ትምህርታችሁን ጨርሳችሁ የምርቃት ጊዜያችሁን በጉጉት ለምትጠብቁ ሁሉ ስለ ጥናትና ምርምር በቂ እዉቀትን በመያዝ የመመረቂያ ፅሁፋችሁን ተመራጭ እና ተወዳጅ አድርጋችሁ በመስራት በጥሩ ዉጤት ትመረቁ ዘንድ እናግዝዎታለን፡
If you need support related to:
1 Research / ሪሰርች
3 Proposal / ፕሮፖዛል
4 Term Paper / ተረም ፔፐር
5 Case study/ ኬዝ ስተዲ
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| 2 | Research design
👍Research design is a comprehensive plan for data collection in an empirical research
project. It is a “blueprint” for empirical research aimed at answering specific research
questions or testing specific hypotheses, and must specify at least three processes:
(1) the data collection process,
(2) the instrument development process, and
(3) the sampling process.
🍏Broadly speaking, data collection methods can be broadly grouped into two categories:
positivist and interpretive.
👍 Positivist methods, such as laboratory experiments and survey research, are aimed at theory (or hypotheses) testing, while interpretive methods, such as action research and ethnography, are aimed at theory building. Positivist methods employ a deductive approach to research, starting with a theory and testing theoretical postulates using empirical data.
👍In contrast, interpretive methods employ an inductive approach that starts with data and tries to derive a theory about the phenomenon of interest from the observed data.
If you need support related to:
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⌚️Term Paper / ተረም ፔፐር
⌚️Case study/ ኬዝ ስተዲ
⌚️Article Review
⌚️Mini research
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| 3 | ✍️ Research title selection and concept not description;
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የመመረቂያ ጽሁፍ ለምትሰሩ (Research, Thesis, Dissertation),
We consult you!!!
የማማከር አገልግሎት እንሠጣለን።
Share for others!!! ለሌሎች ያጋሩ!! | 2 360 |
| 4 | ❇️ምርምር / Research / ምንድን ነው?❇️
ከጽሑፍ መረጃዎች መገንዘብ እንደሚቻለው ምርመር /Research/ ለሚለው ቃል አንድ ወጥና የማይለዋወጥ ትርጉም አልተገኘለትም፡፡ ምክንያቱም መስኩ ሰፊና በተለያዩ ምሁራን የተለያየ ማብራሪያ ሲሰጥበት የቆየ በመሆኑ ነው፡፡ አንዳንድ ጊዜ በአንዳንድ ምሁራን እጅግ በጣም ቀለለ ያለ ትርጉም ሲሰጠው በሌላ ጊዜና በሌሎች ምሁራን ደግሞ ላቅ ያለና ውስብስብ የሆነ ትርጉም ሰጥተውታል፡፡ ይህ እንዳለ ሆኖ በአጠቃላይ መልኩ ሲታይ ምርምር አዲስ ዕውቀትን ለማግኘትና የተገኘውንም እውቀት እውነተኛነት ለማረጋገጥ ወይም በእለት ተእለት እንቅስቃሴ የሚያጋጥመንን ችግር መፍትሄ ለማበጀት ሲባል ሥርዓት ባለው ሁኔታ የተቀነባበረና ሆን ተብሎ የሚከወን የሰው ልጅ የተግባር
እንቅስቃሴ ነው፡፡
በዚህም መሠረት በምርምሩ ሂደት ውስጥ የችግሩ ምንነት ይለያል፣ ስልት ይቀየሣል፣ይቀነባበራል፣ መረጃ ይሰበሰባል፣ ይገመገማል፣ ይተነተናል፣ ብሎም የተገኘው
ውጤት በተቀነባበረ መልክ ይገለፃል፡፡ ከዚህም ሂደት በመነሳት ምርምር ሳይንሳዊ ይዘት አለው ማለት ይቻላል፡፡
❇️የምርምር /Research/ ዓይነቶች❇️
ልዩ ልዩ የምርምር ዓይነቶች አሉ፡፡ ከእነዚህ መካከል ለዚህ ጽሑፍ አስፈላጊ ናቸው የተባሉትንና ዋና ዋናዎቹን በሶስት ከፍሎ ማየት ይቻላል፡፡
1️⃣. ታሪክ ነክ ምርምር / Historical Study/
በዚህ የምርምር ዓይነት ተማራማሪው ያለፈን ታሪክ በማጥናትና በመመዝገብ ዕውቀቱን ያዳብራል፡፡ ይህ ዓይነት ምርምር ሲያዩት ቀላል ይመስላል፡፡ ሆኖም ግን ተማራማሪው የተነሳበትን መላምት ለማረጋገጥ የተለያዩ መረጃዎችን አሰባስቦ ማስረዳት መቻል ይኖርበታል፡፡
📌 ለምሳሌ አንድ ተመራማሪ ስለ ኢትዮጵያ ትምህርት ታሪክ ሲያጠና ለኢትዮጵያ ዘመናዊ ትምህርት መስፋፋት ከንግሥት ዘውዲቱ ይልቅ አጼ ምኒሊክ ከፍ ያለ አስተዋጽኦ አድርገዋል የሚለውን ሃሳብ ይዞ ቢነሳ ሐሳቡ እውነት ወይም ሀሰት መሆኑን በተለያዩ ዘዴዎች መረጃዎችን ሰብስቦ በማገናዘብ አሳማኝ ውሳኔ ላይ መድረስ ይኖርበታል፡፡
2️⃣. ገላጭ ምርምር
ይህ የምርምር ዓይነት የአንድን ሁኔታ ትክክለኛ ገጽታ ለማወቅ ወይም በትክክል ለመግለጽ ሲባል መረጃዎችን ከመጽሐፍትና ከሌሎችም ጥናታዊ የጽሑፍ ምንጮች
በማሰባሰብና የምልከታ መረጃዎችን በማጠናቀር ትንተና በማድረግ የሚያጠና ሲሆን ውጤቱን በስድስት ንዑስ ክፍሎች ከፍሎ ማየት ይቻላል፡፡
እነሱም፡-
❇️ ሀ/ ውሱን ጥናት /Case study/
❇️ ለ/ አወዳዳሪ ጥናት /Comparative Study Study/Studies/
❇️ ሐ/ ዕድገት ተኮር ጥናት/developmental
❇️ መ/ ተከታታየነት ያለው ጥናት/follow up studies/
❇️ ሠ/ ተዛምዶን የሚያሳይ ጥናት /correlational/
❇️ ረ/ አሣሽ ጥናት/Survey Study/
ℹ️ 2.1. ውሱን ጥናት /case Study/
ይህ ዓይነቱ ምርምር የአንድን የተወሰነ ሁኔታ የአለፈ ታሪክ ጨምቆ በማጥናት አሁን ላለው ይዘትና ጠባይ በማብራሪያነት መጠቀምን ይመለከታል፡፡
📌 ለምሳሌ ተማራማሪው ስለ አንድ ተማሪ ጠባይ ማጥናት ይፈልጋል እንበል፡፡ ተማሪው በት/ቤቱ አስቸጋሪ
ፀበይ/ባህሪ ቢኖረው የጥናቱ ትኩረት በዚሁ በተማሪው ጠባይ ላይ ይሆናል፡፡ በጥናቱ ሂደት ሊነሳ የሚችለው ዋናው ጥያቄ ይህ ተማሪ ለምን እንዲህ ሆነ የሚለው ነው፡፡
በዚህ መሠረት ሊሰጡ ከሚችሉ መልሶች አጥኚው መላ መምታት ይችላል፡፡ ከመላ ምቶቹ ውስጥ፡-
✅ ከመምህራንና ተማሪዎች፣ የተቀባይነትና ጥሩ አመለካከት በማጣት፣ በትምህርቱ ውጤት ተስፋ በማጣት፣ ከቤተሰቦቹ አያያዝና አስተዳደግ የተነሳና ሌላም ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ፡፡
እንግዲህ የተማራማሪው ተግባር በልዩ ልዩ የምርምር ዘዴዎች ተጠቅሞ በየትኛው ምክንያት ተማሪው ለረብሻ እንደተገፋፋ ማወቅና መንስኤውን ካወቀ በኋላም ልጁ መልካም ጠባይ እንዲኖረው የተጠቀመባቸውን ዘዴዎች የጥናቱና ምርምሩ ውጤት ያደርጋቸዋል፡፡
ℹ️ 2.2. አሣሽ ጥናት / Survey study/
እንደዚህ ዓይነቱ ምርምር ስለአንዳንድ ማህበራዊ ክስተቶች መረጃዎችን አሰባስቦ በመተንተን ስለተጠናው ጉዳይ እውነተኛ ገጽታ መናገር የሚያስችል ነው፡፡
📌 ለምሳሌ ከአንደኛ ደረጃ ትም/ቤቶች ተማሪዎች በየጊዜው እየወጡ የሚቀሩት በምን ምክንያት ነው
በሚል ጥያቄ መነሻ ምርምር ማካሄድ ይቻላል፡፡
ውሱን ጥናት በተወሠነ ጉዳይ ላይ ጠለቅ ያለ ምርምር ማካሄድ ሲሆን አሣሽ ጥናት ደግሞ ሠፋ ባለ ርዕስ ጉዳይ ላይ በማተኮር አጠቃላይ መፍትሔ ለመሻት ነው፡፡
ℹ️ 2.3. አወዳዳሪ ጥናት /Comparative study/
ሁለት ወይም ከሁለት በላይ ሁኔታዎችን ወስዶ ስለእያንዳንዱ ጉዳይ በጥልቀት በማወቅ አንዱ ከሌላው የሚለይበትንና አንድ የሚሆንበትን ሁኔታ በግልጽ ማሳየት የሚቻልበት የምርምር ዓይነት ነው፡፡
📌 ለምሳሌ ለአንደኛ ደረጃ ት/ቤቶች መምህራን ሥልጠና የተሻለው ፕርግራም የቱ ነው በዲግሪ ወይም በዲፕሎማ ለሚለው ጥያቄ ምላሽ ለመስጠት የሁለቱን
ፕሮግራሞች ደካማና ጠንካራ ጎን ለመለየት ከዚህ በፊት በሁለቱም ፕሮግራሞች የሰለጠኑና በሥራ ላይ ያሉትን መምህራን የሥራ ውጤት በጥንቃቄ በመገምገም፣ የተሻለውን ፕሮግራም ማወቅ ያስችላል ማለት ነው፡፡
ℹ️ 2.4. ዕድገት ተኮር ጥናት / Developmental Studies/
ይህ ጥናት በተለያየ የዕድሜ ደረጃ ሕፃናት፣ ወላጆች፣ ተማሪዎች በየእርከኑ የሚያሳዩት የባሕሪይ ለውጥ ወይም የአስተሳሰብና የአእምሮ ዕድገት ለውጥን የማጥናት ሥልት ነው፡፡
ተማሪው በየክፍል ደረጃው በአንድ ወይም ከአንድ በላይ ባሉ የትምህርት ዓይነቶች የሚያስመዘግባቸውን ውጤቶች ተከታትሎ ማጥናትን እንደ ምሳሌ መውሰድ ይቻላል፡፡
ℹ️ 2.5. ተከታታይነት ያለው ጥናት / Follow-up studies/
ይህ ሥልት አንድ የትምህርት መርሃ ግብር ውጤታማ ስለመሆኑ ለአንድ ሙያ የሰለጠኑ ሰዎች በመስክ የሚያሳዩትን ለውጥ ወዘተ የምንገመግምበት ዘዴ ነው፡፡ በአዲሱ የሥርዓተ ትምህርት ትግበራ ወቅት በሙከራ ት/ቤቶች በ1ኛ እና 5ኛ፣ በ2ኛ እና 6ኛ፣ በ3ኛ እና 7ኛ
በ4ኛ እና 8ኛ ክፍሎች ሲካሄዱ የነበሩ ሂደታዊ ግምገማዎች እንደምሳሌ ሊጠቀሱ
ይችላሉ፡፡
ℹ️ 2.6. የተዛምዶ ጥናቶች /correlational studies/
የዚህ ዓይነቱ ሥልት
✳️ 1. ዕድሜ ከአእምሮ ጋር ያለውን ግንኙነት
✳️ 2. የአጠናን ሥልት ከትምህርት ውጤት ጋር ያለውን ዝምድና
✳️ 3. የአንደኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት ውጤት ለ2ኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት የሚኖረውን ዝምድናና
የመሳሰሉትን የምንዳስስበት ዘዴ ነው፡፡
3️⃣. የሙከራ ምርምር /Experimental Study/
ይህ እይነቱ ምርምር አንድን ሁኔታ በሙከራ አረጋግጦ ማየትን የሚመለከት ምርምር ነው፡፡
📌 ለምሳሌ በአፀደ ሕፃናት ፕሮግራም ውስጥ ካለፉና በቀጥታ ከቤታቸው ወደ አንደኛ ክፍል ከገቡ ሕፃናት ሒሣብን፣ አማርኛን፣ ሣይንስን፣ ወይም ሌላ ትምህርት የትኞቹ በይበልጥ እንደሚከታተሉ ሕፃናቱን ለይቶ በጥንቃቄ በመከታተል ማወቅ ይቻላል፡፡
ጥናቱ ተጀምሮ እስኪጠናቀቅ መረጃዎችን በጥንቃቄ መያዙ ለውጤቱ ትክክለኛነት እጅግ በጣም ወሳኝ ነው፡፡
📌 ለምሳሌ ከትምህርት ቤት ውጪ ተጨማሪ እገዛ ማግኘት አለማግኘታቸውን፣ የቤተሰብ ልዩነት አለመኖሩንና የቤተሰብ የኑሮ ሁኔታ ልዩነት ሁሉ መጤን ያለባቸው ነገሮች ናቸው፡፡
Consultancy on academic tasks such as: | 1 667 |
| 5 | A brief mention of the important sample designs is as follows:
👍a. Deliberate sampling: Deliberate sampling is also known as purposive or non-probability sampling. This sampling method involves purposive or deliberate selection of particular units of the universe for constituting a sample which represents the universe. When population elements are selected for inclusion in the sample based on the ease of access, it can be called convenience sampling.
👍b. Simple random sampling: This type of sampling is also known as chance sampling or probability sampling where each and every item in the population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample and each one of the possible samples, in case of finite universe, has the same probability of being selected.
👍c.Systematic sampling: In some instances the most practical way of sampling is to select every 15th name on a list, every 10th house on one side of a street and so on. Sampling of this type is known as systematic sampling. An element of randomness is usually introduced into this kind of sampling by using random numbers to pick up the unit with which to start. This procedure is useful when sampling frame is available in the form of a list.
👍d.Stratified sampling: If the population from which a sample is to be drawn does not constitute homogeneous group, then stratified sampling technique is applied so as to obtain representative sample. In this technique, the population is stratified into a number of non-overlapping subpopulations or strata and sample items are selected from each stratum.
👍e. Quota sampling: In stratified sampling the cost of taking random samples from individual strata is often so expensive that interviewers are simply given quota to be filled from different strata, the actual selection of items for sample being left to the interviewer judgment.
👍f. Cluster sampling and area sampling: Cluster sampling involves grouping the population and then selecting the groups or the clusters rather than individual elements for inclusion in the sample. Suppose some departmental store wishes to sample its credit card holders.
👍g. Multi-stage sampling: This is a further development of the idea of cluster sampling. This technique is meant for big inquiries extending to a considerably large geographical area like an entire country. Under multi-stage sampling the first stage may be to select large primary sampling units such as states, then districts, then towns and finally certain families within towns.
👍h. Sequential sampling: This is somewhat a complex sample design where the ultimate size of the sample is not fixed in advance but is determined according to mathematical decisions on the basis of information yielded as survey progresses. This design is usually adopted under acceptance sampling plan in the context of statistical quality control.
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| 6 | MIXED RESEARCH METHODS
ውድ የቻናላችን ቤተሰቦች ዛሬ ስለ MIXED RESEARCH METHOD ዋና ዋና ነገሮችን እንመልከት ።
✅Mixed research በመጀመሪያ በSocial science/Educational Science በብዛት የሚተገበር ቢሆንም አሁን ግን በhealth science ዘርፍም በብዛት ይጠቀሙበታል ።
✅Mixed research ማለት በአንድ ጥናታዊ ጽሁፍ ውስጥ ሁለት መንገዶችን( Qualitative ና quantitative)በአንድ ላይ ስንጠቀምበት ነው።
♻️ይህም ሁለቱን እኩል(parallel)ወይም በተራ በተራ(sequential) በmixed research design መሰራት መጠቀም እንችላለን
❓ይህንን የreseach አይነት በብዛት በማስተርስ እና በፒ.ኤች.ዲ የትምህርት ደረጃ የሚጠቀሙበት ስሆን በመጀመሪያ ዲግሪ ግን በብዛት አይመከርም።
❓ሁለት የተለያዩ የreseach መንገዶችን በአንድ ላይ ለመጠቀም ከሌሎቹ በተለያ መንገድ ትንቃቄ እና እውቀት ሊጠይቅ ይችላል።
🥴በተለምዶ ሰዎች ሁለቱንም( qualitativeና quantitative መንገድ እጠቀማለሁ ስሉ እንሰማለን። ነገር ግን የmixed method ትክክለኛ መንገድ ሳይከተሉ ይቀሩና በመጨረሻ ላይ ስቸገሩ ያጋጥማል ።
👇ትክክለኛ mixed method core characteristics የሚከተሉት ናቻው።
1️⃣ ከmixed methods ውስጥ የትኛውን Design እንደምትጠቀሙ መግለጽ ያስፈልጋል። (concurrent triangulation, Sequential or embaded)
ይህም ብቻ አይደለም ለእያንደንዱ የትኛውን Design እንደምትጠቀሙ መግላጽ ያስፈልጋል ።
💠Qualitative (phenomenology, ethnography,..etc)
💠Quantitative (Cross sectional, Experimental, cohort... Etc)
ተብሎ ሊገለጽ ያስፈልጋል ።
2️⃣ ለሁሉቱም (qualitative & quantitative) ትክክለኛ methodology መከተል ያስፈልጋል ። Data collection method & materials, sample size, data analysis, ለሁለቱም በተገቢው መንገድ ልብራራ ይገባል። ይህም ለሁለቱም ለየብቻ ሊብራራ ግድ ነው።
3️⃣በሁለቱን መንገድ የተሰበሰበው Data (መርጃ) Analize መድረግ ያስፈልጋል። ለሁለቱም ለየብቻ Analysis መስራት ያስፈልጋል።
4️⃣ከሁለቱም የተገኛውን results ከግምት በማስገባት discussion ላይ መግላጽ ያስፈልጋል። ይህም የአንዱ result የሌለውን ይደግፈል ወይም አይደግፍም የሚለው ዋና የmixed method አላማ ነው። ከሁለቱም የተገኛውን ውጤት Triangulate ማድረግ ያስፈልጋል፣ ይህ የማይሆን ከሆነ mixed methods ፈይዳ የለውም።
⁉️ነገር ግን በጥናቱ የሚትጠቀሙበት mixed study design የሚወሰን ይሆናል። ምክንያቱም ለ Sequential እና ለ convergent ወይም ለ embaded ተመሳሳይ አይነት መንገድ አትከተሉም፣ methodology አጻጻፍ እንኳ በተወሰነ መልኩ ይላያያል።
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| 7 | Identification of a Research Problem
🍏The following steps are to be followed in identifying a research problem;
Step I Determining the field of research in which a researcher is keen to do the research work.
Step II The researcher should develop the mastery on the area or it should be the field of his specialization.
Step III He/She should review the research conducted in area to know the recent trend and studies are being conducted in the area.
Step IV On the basis of review, he/she should consider the priority field of the study.
Step V He/She should draw an analogy and insight in identifying a problem or employ his personal experience of the field in locating the problem. He/She may take help of supervisor or expert of the field.
Step VI He/She should pin point specific aspect of the problem which is to be investigated
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| 8 | RESEARCH PROPOSAL WRITING TEMPLATE
Title:
Your title should answer the question: What is your research about? It should be a short,
concise phrase. Narrow down to the specific area to manage in terms of resources
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
✍️ The background explains in detail several components of the experiment that must be
included in any proposal.
✍️ After reading the introduction, the reader should conclude why the researcher is conducting the research and how this research will affect the
academic community and society at large.
✍️ It is sufficient to grab the reader’s attention, introduce the topic at hand, and provide a
brief definition of the theory from which the study is based.
✍️ The background section
outlines why you chose your topic.
✍️ Background section should include:
* what prompted your interest in the topic
* relevance to previous research (literature)
* what your research will contribute to the research and the field.
1.2 Statement of the problem
The “Statement of the Problem” is an imperative part of the proposal.
That is, in order for
research to be conducted; one must notice a problem in the existing literature that has
not been previously addressed.
For this section, the following questions should be answered:
• Why does this research study need to be conducted?
• What specific issues does this study raise that have not been observed in other literature pertaining to the topic?
Answering these questions will allow readers to understand why this particular study is
important and how the study will attempt to answer new, never-before asked questions.
In this section state how the problem is very serious.
Refer literature Quote research
conducted previously.
Include policy issues with regards of your title and your personal experiences and observation.
1.3 Basic Research questions
• What are the research questions you are trying to find the answer to?
• Frame 3-5 basic research questions
1.4 Objective of the research.
1.4.1 General objective
1.4.2 Specific objectives
1.5 Delimitation of the study
Delimitation means scope of your study. Indicate the areas you are going to study and
the issues to be included.
1.6 Limitation of the study
In this section explain the problems that you will face while conducting the research.
1.7 Organization of the study
Indicate in order the chapters and their detail information under each chapter.
1.8 Definition of key terms
It is essential that one defines the central ideas or concepts of the research study.
Therefore, carefully define each concept/variable that will be used in the study, citing other research studies as much as needed.
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| 9 | The main characteristics of a good sample
✍️ A good sample is the true representative of the population corresponding to its properties.
The population is known as aggregate of certain properties and sample is called sub-aggregate
of the universe.
✍️A good sample is free from bias, the sample does not permit prejudices th65e learning and pre-
conception, imaginations of the investigator to influence its choice.
✍️A good sample is an objective one, it refers objectivity in selecting procedure or absence of
subjective elements from the situation.
✍️ A good sample maintains accuracy. It yields an accurate estimates or statistics and does not
involve errors.
✍️A good sample is comprehensive in nature. This feature of a sample is closely linked with
true-representativeness. Comprehensiveness is a quality of a sample which is controlled by
specific purpose of the investigation. A sample may be comprehensive in traits but may not
be a good representative of the population.
✍️ A good sample is also economical from energy, time and money point of view.
✍️ The subjects of good sample are easily approachable. The research tools can be administered
on them and data can be collected easily.
✍️The size of good sample is such that it yields an accurate results. The probability of error
can be estimated.
✍️ A good sample makes the research work more feasible.
✍️ A good sample has the practicability for research situation.
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| 10 | Assumptions of logistics regression
The main assumptions of logistic regressions are the following:
👉 For Binary dependent variable, the outcome variable must be binary (e.g., 0/1, Yes/No, Success/Failure).
👉 Independence of observations: Each observation should be independent of the others.
👉 Linearity of independent variables with the logit: The relationship between continuous predictors and the log-odds (logit) of the outcome must be linear. This does not mean the predictors must be linearly related to the outcome itself.
👉 multicollinearity among independent variables: Independent variables should not be highly correlated with each other. High multicollinearity inflates standard errors and weakens inference.
👉 Large sample size: Logistic regression requires a sufficiently large sample for stable estimates.
👉 Absence of strongly influential outliers: Extreme values can unduly influence model estimates.
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| 11 | Assumptions of logistics regression
The main assumptions of logistic regressions are the following:
👉 For Binary dependent variable, the outcome variable must be binary (e.g., 0/1, Yes/No, Success/Failure).
👉 Independence of observations: Each observation should be independent of the others.
👉 Linearity of independent variables with the logit: The relationship between continuous predictors and the log-odds (logit) of the outcome must be linear. This does not mean the predictors must be linearly related to the outcome itself.
👉 multicollinearity among independent variables: Independent variables should not be highly correlated with each other. High multicollinearity inflates standard errors and weakens inference.
👉 Large sample size: Logistic regression requires a sufficiently large sample for stable estimates.
👉 Absence of strongly influential outliers: Extreme values can unduly influence model estimates.
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| 12 | Assumptions of logistics regression
The main assumptions of logistic regressions are the following:
👉 For Binary dependent variable, the outcome variable must be binary (e.g., 0/1, Yes/No, Success/Failure).
👉 Independence of observations: Each observation should be independent of the others.
👉 Linearity of independent variables with the logit: The relationship between continuous predictors and the log-odds (logit) of the outcome must be linear. This does not mean the predictors must be linearly related to the outcome itself.
👉 multicollinearity among independent variables: Independent variables should not be highly correlated with each other. High multicollinearity inflates standard errors and weakens inference.
👉 Large sample size: Logistic regression requires a sufficiently large sample for stable estimates.
👉 Absence of strongly influential outliers: Extreme values can unduly influence model estimates.
Consultancy on academic tasks such as:
✍️ Research title selection and concept not description;
✍️ Research proposal draft;
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| 13 | SUCCESS RESEARCH CONSULTANT
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| 15 |  بدون متن... | 2 514 |
| 16 | Reliability and validity
🍎Reliability and validity are two key concepts in research methodology, particularly in the context of measuring instruments, such as surveys, tests, or questionnaires. They are used to assess the quality and rigor of a research study or measurement tool.
✍️Reliability
👍Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of a measure. A reliable instrument produces similar results under consistent conditions.
Types of Reliability:
👍Test-Retest Reliability: Measures the consistency of results when the same test is administered to the same group at different times.
👍 Inter-Rater Reliability: Assesses the degree of agreement between different raters or observers.
👍Internal Consistency Reliability: Evaluates the consistency of items within a test (e.g., Cronbach's Alpha).
👍Parallel-Forms Reliability: Measures the correlation between two equivalent versions of a test.
How to Test Reliability:
🌱Use statistical measures like Cronbach's Alpha (for internal consistency), Pearson's correlation coefficient (for test-retest reliability), or Cohen's Kappa (for inter-rater reliability).
🌱A reliability coefficient of 0.7 or higher is generally considered acceptable.
🌎Validity
👉🏿Validity refers to the extent to which a tool measures what it is intended to measure. A valid instrument accurately reflects the concept it is supposed to measure.
Types of Validity:
🤙Content Validity: Ensures the test covers all aspects of the concept being measured.
🤙Construct Validity: Assesses whether the test measures the theoretical construct it claims to measure.
🤙 Convergent Validity: Measures how closely the test is related to other tests that measure the same
construct.
🤙 Discriminant Validity: Ensures the test is not related to measures of different constructs.
🤙 Criterion Validity: Evaluates how well the test predicts or correlates with a criterion.
🤙 Concurrent Validity: Measures how well the test correlates with a criterion measured simultaneously.
🤙 Predictive Validity: Assesses how well the test predicts future outcomes.
How to Test Validity:
✏️ Use expert reviews for content validity.
✏️ Conduct factor analysis or correlation studies for construct validity.
✏️ Compare the test results with an established criterion for criterion validity.
🍏Key Differences:
💎Reliability is about consistency (does the test produce stable results?).
💎Validity is about accuracy (does the test measure what it claims to measure?).
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| 17 | How to ensure reliability of data for a research?
In research, ensuring the reliability of data means making sure the data are consistent, accurate, and dependable over time and across measurements.
The main ways to ensure data reliability include the following.
✍️ Use Standardized Data Collection Methods:
Use well-designed questionnaires or instruments with clear instructions.
✍️ Ensure Instrument validation:
* Use validated and tested instruments (established surveys).
* Conduct reliability tests such as: Test–retest reliability (consistency over time), Inter-rater reliability (consistency between observers), Internal consistency (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha).
✍️ Train Data Collectors
# Provide proper training and guidelines to enumerators or researchers.
# Reduce interviewer bias by ensuring uniform understanding of questions.
✍️ Pilot Testing (Pre-testing)
@ Conduct a pilot study to identify unclear questions or errors.
@ Revise tools based on pilot feedback before full data collection.
✍️ Data Cleaning and Validation
Check for: Missing values, Outliers, duplicate entries
✍️ Use Multiple Data Sources (Triangulation)
Compare data from different sources, methods, or respondents.
✍️ Ethical and Honest Reporting
Avoid data fabrication or selective reporting.
Consultancy on academic tasks such as:
✍️ Research title selection and concept not description;
✍️ Research proposal draft;
✍️ Thesis or research evaluations;
✍️ Data analysis methods including SPSS, STATA, E-VIEWS, MATHLAB, R,
✍️ Quantitative data analysis and interpretation, and
✍️ any others questions related to research works, please contact us on Telegram.
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| 18 | Classification of Research based on Application:
🍏a. Pure / Basic / Fundamental Research: As the term suggests a research
activity taken up to look into some aspects of a problem or an issue for the
first time is termed as basic or pure.
It involves developing and testing theories and hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the researcher
but may or may not have practical application at the present time or in the
future. The knowledge produced through pure research is sought in order to
add to the existing body of research methods. Pure research is theoretical but
has a universal nature. It is more focused on creating scientific knowledge and
predictions for further studies.
🍏b. Applied / Decisional Research: Applied research is done on the basis of pure
or fundamental research to solve specific, practical questions; for policy
formulation, administration and understanding of a phenomenon. It can be
exploratory, but is usually descriptive. The purpose of doing such research is
to find solutions to an immediate issue, solving a particular problem,
developing new technology and look into future advancements etc. This
involves forecasting and assumes that the variables shall not change.
Key Differences between Basic and Applied Research
✍️a) Basic Research can be explained as research that tries to expand the already
existing scientific knowledge base. On the contrary, applied research is used
to mean the scientific study that is helpful in solving real-life problems.
✍️b) While basic research is purely theoretical, applied research has a practical
approach.
✍️c) The applicability of basic research is greater than the applied research, in the
sense that the former is universally applicable whereas the latter can be
applied only to the specific problem, for which it was carried out.
✍️d) The primary concern of the basic research is to develop scientific knowledge
and predictions. On the other hand, applied research stresses on the
development of technology and technique with the help of basic science.
✍️e) The fundamental goal of the basic research is to add some knowledge to the
already existing one. Conversely, applied research is directed towards finding
a solution to the problem under consideration.
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| 20 | Research design
👍Research design is a comprehensive plan for data collection in an empirical research
project. It is a “blueprint” for empirical research aimed at answering specific research
questions or testing specific hypotheses, and must specify at least three processes:
(1) the data collection process,
(2) the instrument development process, and
(3) the sampling process.
🍏Broadly speaking, data collection methods can be broadly grouped into two categories:
positivist and interpretive.
👍 Positivist methods, such as laboratory experiments and survey research, are aimed at theory (or hypotheses) testing, while interpretive methods, such as action research and ethnography, are aimed at theory building. Positivist methods employ a deductive approach to research, starting with a theory and testing theoretical postulates using empirical data.
👍In contrast, interpretive methods employ an inductive approach that starts with data and tries to derive a theory about the phenomenon of interest from the observed data.
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