English as a Foreign Language
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✔️Vocabulary & grammar ADMIN @kisilmv / Приватні уроки https://kisilmv.github.io/
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پست‌های کانال
Over the weekend, a DOUBLE WATERSPOUT appeared near the famous Faraglioni rocks off the Italian island of Capri. 🌪️ Two spinning funnels came down from dark clouds to the sea. On camera, they looked like they were hugging the rocks. No one was hurt.
A WATERSPOUT is a tornado over water. The word has a surprise: it can also mean the pipe that rain water runs out of. That’s why the spider in the old children’s song climbs up the waterspout. 🕷️
📍waterspout /ˈwɔːtərspaʊt/ — 1) a tornado over water; 2) a pipe that rain water runs out of
▪️ People on the boat saw a WATERSPOUT and quickly turned back to the port.
Would you watch one from the beach — or run?
@enfol
| 2 |  to sign off (on)
Your boss has to agree before the work can start. Two ways to say it: 📝
A) The manager needs to sign the budget off. (British)
B) The manager needs to sign off on the budget. (American)
📍to sign something off / to sign off on something — to give official approval
▪️ We can't order anything until she SIGNS OFF ON it.
Which one do you hear more often — A or B? 🤔
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 77 |
| 3 |  Every home has one: the sock that always loses its pair, the printer that never works when you need it. 🧦
Last time it was a boon. Today, its opposite.
📍the bane of my life /beɪn/ — the thing that annoys you again and again and makes life harder
▪️ That printer is THE BANE OF MY LIFE — it stops every single morning. 🖨️
Bane almost always comes in this pattern: the bane of my life, the bane of my existence, the bane of every student's life. On its own, a bane sounds old and bookish.
The two often meet in one phrase: Phones can be a boon and a bane. ⚖️
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 85 |
| 4 |  There are two short opposites in English that sound almost the same: a bane and a boon. 🔤 One ruins your day, the other saves it.
📍a boon /buːn/ — something that helps a lot and makes life easier
▪️ The late bus on Sundays is a real BOON for everyone working weekends. 🚌
It is a positive word only, and it often comes with for or to: a boon for students, a boon to small shops.
Boon is a noun only: something IS A BOON, but it never "boons".
What small thing has been a boon in your week?
Next time: bane, the one that ruins your day. 😈
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 86 |
| 5 |  October English Quiz: 12 questions, B1 to C2 🧠
Another month, another quiz! How much of October’s English do you still remember?
The 12 questions cover every October post on @enfol. They start easy (B1) and get harder until they reach C2.
Pick an answer to see the correct one straight away, plus a short explanation of why the other options don’t work.
👉 Take the October quiz
How many did you get right? 🎯
@enfol | 80 |
| 6 |  Your friend opens a small café. ☕ You don't just say good luck — you tell everyone, you help with the tables, you bring people in.
📍to throw your weight behind something — to support it with all your power and influence
▪️ The whole team THREW THEIR WEIGHT BEHIND her plan. 🙌
Note the form: the weight belongs to the subject — he threw his weight behind it, they threw their weight behind it.
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 94 |
| 7 |  a dearth of
One idea, two levels. 📄
Formal: There is a DEARTH OF affordable flats in the city.
Casual: There aren't enough cheap flats here. 💬
📍a dearth of something /dɜːθ/ — too little of something; very few of them
Dearth belongs to reports, articles and formal speech. With friends, say not enough or a shortage of.
▪️ The report noted a DEARTH OF young teachers.
It rhymes with earth.
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 104 |
| 8 | A shop that a family owns is a FAMILY-OWNED shop. Two words, one hyphen — and a whole clause disappears. 🏪
English builds adjectives like this every day: a noun plus a past participle.
📍battery-powered — powered by a battery
▪️ The kids got a BATTERY-POWERED toy car. 🚗
📍home-cooked — cooked at home
▪️ Nothing beats a HOME-COOKED meal after a long trip. 🍲
📍snow-covered — covered with snow
▪️ We drove slowly along the SNOW-COVERED road.
Two rules: keep the hyphen when the adjective stands before the noun, and never add -s to the first part — a family-owned shop, not families-owned.
Try one yourself: how would you describe a scarf that someone made by hand?
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 110 |
| 9 |  Two sports words, one idea: success. 🎩⚾
A hat trick is three wins, one after another. It comes from cricket, where a player who did this could get a new hat. In football, it's three goals by one player in one game.
A home run is one big, clear success. It comes from baseball, so it sounds very American.
📍a hat trick — three successes, one after another
▪️ She passed her driving test, found a flat and got a new job in one month. A real HAT TRICK!
📍a home run — a big success
▪️ Your birthday cake was a HOME RUN — everyone wanted more.
Which one would you use about your own week?
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 125 |
| 10 |  daunting vs daunted
❌ I was daunting by the exam.
✅ I was DAUNTED by the exam. 😰
The -ing form describes the thing. The -ed form describes the person. It works exactly like boring and bored.
📍daunting — making you feel that something is too big or too difficult
▪️ The first week in a new job can be DAUNTING.
📍daunted — feeling that something is too difficult for you
▪️ Don't be DAUNTED by the long list — start with one item.
Which job on your list looks most daunting right now?
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 124 |
| 11 | I haven't got time for a coffee, let alone a whole lunch. ☕
Let alone joins two things in a negative sentence. The first one is small and ordinary. The second is bigger — and even further out of reach.
📍let alone — and certainly not
▪️ The baby can't sit up yet, LET ALONE walk. 👶
Two rules keep it right.
1️⃣The sentence before it must be negative.
2️⃣Both parts must match: a noun after a noun, a verb after a verb — a whole lunch after a coffee, walk after sit up.
❌ I can swim, let alone dive.
✅ I can't swim, LET ALONE dive.
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 129 |
| 12 |  Even native speakers get this one wrong. 💥
❌ The storm wrecked havoc on the town.
✅ The storm wreaked havoc on the town.
Why the mistake? Wreck means "to destroy", so it feels logical. But the phrase uses a different, old verb — wreak. It sounds like week, not like wreck.
📍to wreak havoc /riːk ˈhævək/ — to cause a lot of damage and confusion
▪️ Our new puppy WREAKED HAVOC in the kitchen.
One more trap: havoc takes no article. Not a havoc — just havoc.
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 156 |
| 13 |  squabble / backlog / scramble
Half the office was away. Two colleagues SQUABBLED over who should answer the phone, nobody touched the BACKLOG of emails, and at five everyone SCRAMBLED to finish. 📥
📍to squabble over something — to argue about something small and unimportant
📍a backlog — work that has piled up and is waiting to be done
📍to scramble to do something — to hurry and do something in a rush
▪️ We SCRAMBLED to get the kids ready for school.
Which of the three fits your week best?
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 162 |
| 14 | Inversion · #4
This sentence looks broken. It is perfect English. 😴
So tired was I that I fell asleep in my coat.
Writers move so + adjective to the front for effect, and the verb follows it, before the subject.
Plain: The queue was so long that we left.
Dramatic: SO LONG WAS THE QUEUE that we left.
📍so + adjective + verb + subject + that … — a literary way to show a big cause and its result
▪️ SO LOUD WAS the music that we could not hear each other. 🔊
Keep the that part — it carries the result.
You will meet this in books and speeches, almost never in chat. Would you ever write it in a message?
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 151 |
| 15 |  The word balk rhymes with talk and walk: /bɔːk/.
📍to balk at something — to refuse because it feels too expensive, too risky or too much
▪️ She loved the jacket but BALKED AT the price. 🏷
Common partners: balk at the cost, balk at the idea, balk at paying.
Spelling note: balk everywhere today; baulk appears in older British texts.
What price would make you balk?
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 164 |
| 16 | Inversion · #3
❌ Not only she forgot my birthday.
✅ NOT ONLY DID she forget my birthday — she forgot her own too. 🎂
Open a sentence with not only, and the helping verb moves in front of the subject, just as in a question. 🔄
📍not only + helping verb + subject … (but) … also — used to add a second, bigger fact
▪️ NOT ONLY IS the flat small, it is also very dark.
With be, the verb be itself moves to the front.
Nothing changes when not only sits in the middle: She not only forgot my birthday, she forgot her own too.
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 151 |
| 17 |  How much of September's English do you still remember? 🤔
Find out in 12 questions. They cover every September post.
The questions start easy (B1) and get harder until they reach C2. Pick an answer, and you see the right one at once, plus a short explanation for every wrong option. You don't need to sign up, and there's no timer.
👉 https://kisilmv.github.io/quiz
Did you knock it out of the park? 🎯
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 156 |
| 18 |  Your aunt sends you 300 euros for your birthday. You didn't plan it, you didn't work for it — it just arrived. 🎁
English has one word for money like this. It comes from fruit: apples blown down by the wind, free to pick up. 🍎
📍windfall — money you get suddenly and did not expect
▪️ She spent her tax WINDFALL on a new bike.
Common partners: a tax windfall, a windfall profit, an unexpected windfall.
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 158 |
| 19 |  Someone says something rude about your shirt. You smile and forget it in five seconds. 🤷
📍to shrug something off — to treat something as unimportant and not let it worry you
▪️ He SHRUGGED OFF the joke and carried on. 😌
It also works for small illnesses: you can shrug off a cold.
Word order: shrug it off, never shrug off it.
Is there something you wish you could shrug off more easily?
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 166 |
| 20 | Inversion · #2
Your friend doesn't eat meat. Her husband doesn't either. 🥗 One short word joins the two ideas — and it flips the word order with it.
❌ Nor her husband does.
✅ NOR DOES her husband.
📍nor + helping verb + subject — and also not
▪️ I don't have his number. NOR DOES anyone else in the office. 📵
Two rules: the helping verb always comes first, and you never add not — nor is already negative.
Which sounds more natural to you in speech: nor do I or me neither?
@ohliad @svitohliad @enfol | 157 |
