#Grammar Lessons
📘
Will, Would, Used to
🔷Will and Would
We can use will (for the present) and would (for the past) to talk about characteristic behavior or habits:
• Every day Dan will come home from work and turn on the TV.
• At school, she would always sit quietly and pay attention.
and about things that are or were always true:
• Cold weather will kill certain plants.
• During the war, people would eat all kinds of things that we don’t eat now.
We don’t use will or would in this way to talk about a particular occasion.
Compare:
• Each time I gave him a problem, he would solve it for me.
and
• Last night, I gave him a problem, and he solved it for me. (not Last night, I gave him a problem, and he would solve it for me.)
However, we can use will not (won’t) and would not (wouldn’t) in either case.
Compare:
• He would/wouldn’t walk the 5 miles to his place of work. (characteristic behavior)
and
• She wouldn’t say what was wrong when I asked her.
In speech, we can stress will or would to criticize people’s characteristic behavior or habits. It often suggests that criticisms have been made before but ignored:
• She just won’t do the washing up when I ask her.
• I was happy when Sam left. He would talk about people behind their backs.
We can also criticize a person directly or express disapproval of something they have done or do regularly using will:
• ‘I feel sick.’ ‘Well, if you will eat so much, I’m not surprised.’ (indicating disapproval)
We can use will to draw conclusions or state assumptions about things that are the case
• You will know that John and Sandra are engaged. (= I believe you already know)
• Jack will be at home by now. Let’s go and see him.
🔷Would and used to
When we talk about repeated events in the past that don’t happen now we can use either would or used to + infinitive. However, we can use would only if the time reference is clear. Compare:
We used to play in the garden. (not We would play...; time reference not given)
and
Whenever we went to my uncle’s house, we would/used to play in the garden.
We can use used to but not would when we talk about past states that have changed:
• The factory used to be over there.
• Didn’t you use to smoke at university?
We don’t use either used to or would when we say exactly how many times in total something «happened, how long something took, or that a single event happened at a given past time:
• We visited Switzerland four times during the 1970s. (not We would/used to visit...)
• She went to Jamaica last month. (not She would/used to go to Jamaica last month.)
🔷Would/ will have+ past participle
To talk about an unreal past situation - that is, an imaginary situation or a situation that might have happened in the past, but didn’t - we use would have + past participle:
• I would have been happy to see him, but I didn’t have time.
• My grandmother wouldn’t have approved of the exhibition.
However, when we want to indicate that we think a past situation actually happened, we prefer will have + past participle:
• As you will have noticed, he’s got new glasses. (rather than ...would have noticed...)
• Most people won’t have seen last night’s lunar eclipse. (rather than ...wouldn’t have seen...)
📘📘Advanced Grammar in Use with Answers by Martin Hewings-Third Edition
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