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In addition, racial discrimination in the colonial service, the exclusion of Nigerians from senior administrative positions, and dissatisfaction with British colonial rule strengthened nationalist feelings. The Clifford Constitution of 1922, though limited, encouraged political participation through elections and stimulated the growth of nationalist politics. These factors collectively promoted nationalist activities in Nigeria before the Second World War and laid the foundation for the eventual struggle for independence. (8) The indirect rule system was a method of colonial administration introduced by the British in Nigeria through which traditional rulers governed their people on behalf of the colonial government. Under this system, the British ruled through existing indigenous political institutions rather than administering the people directly. Traditional rulers such as emirs, obas and chiefs served as intermediaries between the colonial government and the people and were responsible for implementing colonial policies. Native Authorities were established to maintain law and order, collect taxes, administer justice and supervise local administration. Native Courts were created to settle disputes according to customary laws, provided such laws did not conflict with British policies. Native Treasuries were also established to receive and manage revenue collected through taxation. Although traditional rulers exercised authority, they remained subject to the supervision and control of British Residents and District Officers, who ensured that colonial directives were carried out. The system relied on existing customs, traditions and institutions where they were well established, particularly in Northern Nigeria. It was intended to reduce the cost of administration, maintain peace and order, and secure the cooperation of traditional rulers in governing the people. However, in areas where strong centralized political systems did not exist, especially in parts of Southern Nigeria, warrant chiefs were appointed to perform similar administrative functions. COMPLETED ✅✅ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━