Data Science & Machine Learning

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1. What will be the output of the following code?

def add_item(item, lst=None):
    if lst is None:
        lst = []
    lst.append(item)
    return lst

print(add_item(1))
print(add_item(2))

A. [1] then [2] B. [1] then [1, 2] C. [] then [] D. Raises TypeError Correct answer: A. 2. What is printed by this code?

x = 10
def func():
    print(x)
    x = 5

func()

A. 10 B. 5 C. None D. UnboundLocalError Correct answer: D. 3. What is the result of executing this code?

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a[:]
a.append(4)
print(b)

A. [1, 2, 3, 4] B. [4] C. [1, 2, 3] D. [] Correct answer: C. 4. What does the following expression evaluate to?

bool("False")

A. False B. True C. Raises ValueError D. None Correct answer: B. 5. What will be the output?

print(type({}))

A. <class 'list'> B. <class 'set'> C. <class 'dict'> D. <class 'tuple'> Correct answer: C. 6. What is printed by this code?

x = (1, 2, [3])
x[2] += [4]
print(x)

A. (1, 2, [3]) B. (1, 2, [3, 4]) C. TypeError D. AttributeError Correct answer: C. 7. What does this code output?

print([i for i in range(3) if i])

A. [0, 1, 2] B. [1, 2] C. [0] D. [] Correct answer: B. 8. What will be printed?

d = {"a": 1}
print(d.get("b", 2))

A. None B. KeyError C. 2 D. "b" Correct answer: C. 9. What is the output?

print(1 in [1, 2], 1 is 1)

A. True True B. True False C. False True D. False False Correct answer: A. 10. What does this code produce?

def gen():
    for i in range(2):
        yield i

g = gen()
print(next(g), next(g))

A. 0 1 B. 1 2 C. 0 0 D. StopIteration Correct answer: A. 11. What is printed?

print({x: x*x for x in range(2)})

A. {0, 1} B. {0: 0, 1: 1} C. [(0,0),(1,1)] D. Error Correct answer: B. 12. What is the result of this comparison?

print([] == [], [] is [])

A. True True B. False False C. True False D. False True Correct answer: C. 13. What will be printed?

def f():
    try:
        return "A"
    finally:
        print("B")

print(f())

A. A B. B C. B then A D. A then B Correct answer: C. 14. What does this code output?

x = [1, 2]
y = x
x = x + [3]
print(y)

A. [1, 2, 3] B. [3] C. [1, 2] D. Error Correct answer: C. 15. What is printed?

print(type(i for i in range(3)))

A. <class 'list'> B. <class 'tuple'> C. <class 'generator'> D. <class 'range'> Correct answer: C.

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1. Which feature allows a function to remember values between calls without using global variables? A. Closures B. Decorators C. Generators D. Context managers Correct answer: A. 2. What is the primary purpose of a decorator in Python? A. Modify class inheritance B. Change function behavior without altering its code C. Improve execution speed D. Handle exceptions automatically Correct answer: B. 3. Which statement about Python generators is true? A. They store all values in memory B. They use return to yield multiple values C. They produce values lazily using yield D. They cannot be iterated over Correct answer: C. 4. What does the __slots__ attribute primarily optimize? A. Method resolution order B. Attribute access speed and memory usage C. Garbage collection D. Inheritance depth Correct answer: B. 5. Which data structure guarantees insertion order preservation as of Python 3.7? A. set B. tuple C. dict D. frozenset Correct answer: C. 6. What is the main advantage of using collections.defaultdict? A. Faster sorting B. Automatic key initialization C. Reduced memory footprint D. Immutable values Correct answer: B. 7. Which statement about list comprehensions is correct? A. They always execute faster than loops B. They cannot contain conditions C. They create lists eagerly D. They are equivalent to generators Correct answer: C. 8. What does the * operator do in function parameters? A. Forces keyword-only arguments B. Captures extra positional arguments C. Unpacks dictionaries D. Captures extra keyword arguments Correct answer: B. 9. What is the role of **kwargs in a function definition? A. Enforce positional arguments B. Capture extra keyword arguments C. Define default values D. Improve performance Correct answer: B. 10. Which protocol enables objects to be used in for loops? A. Context manager protocol B. Descriptor protocol C. Iterator protocol D. Numeric protocol Correct answer: C. 11. What must an object implement to be an iterator? A. __iter__ only B. __next__ only C. Both __iter__ and __next__ D. __getitem__ Correct answer: C. 12. What is the primary use of context managers? A. Memory allocation B. Automatic resource management C. Error suppression D. Parallel execution Correct answer: B. 13. Which keyword is used to define a context manager without a class? A. with B. manage C. using D. yield Correct answer: D. 14. What problem does the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) primarily affect? A. File I/O performance B. Network latency C. CPU-bound multithreaded code D. Memory leaks Correct answer: C. 15. Which module is commonly used for parallelism that bypasses the GIL? A. threading B. asyncio C. multiprocessing D. concurrent.futures.thread Correct answer: C. 16. What distinguishes asyncio from threading? A. It uses OS-level threads B. It is based on cooperative multitasking C. It bypasses the GIL D. It is suitable only for CPU-bound tasks Correct answer: B. 17. What does the await keyword do? A. Blocks the entire program B. Pauses execution until a coroutine completes C. Starts a new thread D. Forces synchronous execution Correct answer: B. 18. Which operation is typically CPU-bound? A. Reading a file B. Waiting for a network response C. Parsing a large dataset D. Sleeping for one second Correct answer: C. 19. What is the main benefit of using functools.lru_cache? A. Improves recursion depth B. Memoizes function results C. Reduces function arguments D. Enables parallel execution Correct answer: B. 20. Which statement about Python exceptions is correct? A. They always terminate the program B. They cannot be nested C. They propagate up the call stack if unhandled D. They are only for runtime errors Correct answer: C.

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1. What will be the output of the following code?

def f(x, l=[]):
    l.append(x)
    return l

print(f(1))
print(f(2))

A. [1] then [2] B. [1] then [1, 2] C. Error due to mutable default D. [] then [] Correct answer: B. 2. What is the result of this expression?

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
a += [4]

A. a = [1,2,3], b = [1,2,3] B. a = [1,2,3,4], b = [1,2,3] C. a = [1,2,3,4], b = [1,2,3,4] D. Raises TypeError Correct answer: C. 3. What does this code print?

print(bool([]), bool({}), bool(()))

A. True True True B. False False False C. False True False D. True False True Correct answer: B. 4. What is the output?

x = 10
def outer():
    x = 20
    def inner():
        nonlocal x
        x += 5
    inner()
    return x

print(outer())

A. 10 B. 20 C. 25 D. UnboundLocalError Correct answer: C. 5. What happens when this code is executed?

class A:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 1

a = A()
a.__dict__['x'] = 2
print(a.x)

A. 1 B. 2 C. AttributeError D. KeyError Correct answer: B. 6. What is printed?

print([i for i in range(3)] is [i for i in range(3)])

A. True B. False C. SyntaxError D. Depends on Python version Correct answer: B. 7. What does this code output?

def gen():
    yield from range(3)

print(list(gen()))

A. [0, 1, 2] B. [1, 2, 3] C. range(0, 3) D. Error Correct answer: A. 8. What is the result?

a = (1, 2, [3, 4])
a[2].append(5)
print(a)

A. Error: tuple is immutable B. (1, 2, [3, 4]) C. (1, 2, [3, 4, 5]) D. (1, 2, 5) Correct answer: C. 9. What does this print?

print({i: i*i for i in range(3)})

A. {0, 1, 4} B. {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4} C. [(0,0),(1,1),(2,4)] D. Error Correct answer: B. 10. What is the output?

print(type(lambda x: x))

A. <class 'function'> B. <class 'lambda'> C. <class 'callable'> D. <class 'object'> Correct answer: A. 11. What happens here?

try:
    1 / 0
finally:
    print("done")

A. Nothing is printed B. ZeroDivisionError only C. Prints "done" then raises ZeroDivisionError D. Prints "done" only Correct answer: C. 12. What is printed?

x = [1, 2, 3]
print(x[::-1] is x)

A. True B. False C. Error D. Depends on interpreter Correct answer: B. 13. What does this code demonstrate?

class A: pass
class B(A): pass
print(issubclass(B, A))

A. Duck typing B. Multiple inheritance C. Polymorphism D. Inheritance Correct answer: D. 14. What is the output?

print(all([0, 1, 2]), any([0, 1, 2]))

A. True True B. False True C. True False D. False False Correct answer: B. 15. What will this print?

x = 5
def f():
    print(x)
    x = 3

f()

A. 5 B. 3 C. UnboundLocalError D. NameError Correct answer: C. 16. What is the result?

a = {1, 2, 3}
b = {3, 2, 1}
print(a == b)

A. False B. True C. TypeError D. Order dependent Correct answer: B. 17. What does this output?

print(type((i for i in range(3))))

A. <class 'list'> B. <class 'tuple'> C. <class 'generator'> D. <class 'iterator'> Correct answer: C. 18. What is printed?

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = x.copy()
x.append(4)
print(y)

A. [1,2,3,4] B. [4] C. [1,2,3] D. Error Correct answer: C. 19. What does this evaluate to?

print(1 == True, 0 == False)

A. False False B. True True C. True False D. False True Correct answer: B. 20. What is the output?

def f():
    try:
        return 1
    finally:
        return 2

print(f())

A. 1 B. 2 C. None D. RuntimeError Correct answer: B.

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