THE UNKNOWN SOLUTION TEAM

The minister who seemed unperturbed with the development, had continued with his address as he tried to give reasons for pegging the new admission benchmark at 18. It took the intervention of the registrar of JAMB, Prof. Is-haq Oloyede, to restore order to the policy meeting with his plea of “Please pay attention please!” The policy meeting on education is an annual event. It authorised the commencement of admission into tertiary institutions in the country.

*JAMB pegs cut-off mark at 140 for varsities, 100 for polytechnics, others* The Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board, JAMB, has approved 140 as the cut-off mark for 2024 admission into the nation’s universities and 100 for polytechnics and colleges of education, respectively. The National Minimum Tolerable UTME Score (NTMUS), popularly known as the cut-off mark, for 2024 admission into tertiary institutions was arrived at on Thursday during the 2024 annual policy meeting on admissions, which was held at the Body Benchers, Headquarters, Abuja. The meeting was held following the successful conduct of the 2024 Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME). A total of 1,989,668 registered candidates for this year’s UTME. Out of the 1,989,668 registered candidates, 80,810 were absent, while a total of 1,904,189 sat for the UTME within six days of the examination. The policy meeting was chaired by the Minister of Education, Professor Tahir Mamman, and decided following recommendations by the heads of institutions. Registrar of JAMB Registrar, Is-haq Oloyede, who announced the cutoff marks, explained that individual institutions were at liberty to raise their minimum benchmark approved at the policy meeting but could not go below what was approved for various institutions. *… ON ADMISSION AGE* Meanwhile, after the protest that greeted his decision to benchmark entry year into tertiary institutions in the country to 18 years, Minister of Education, Prof. Tahir Mamman, has rescinded the decision. He said his decision that only candidates who have clocked 18 years be offered admissions now takes effect from 2025. To this effect, the minister said heads of tertiary institutions could be allowed to admit candidates who are 16 years of age. The minister was forced to succumb, following the argument that students under the age of 18 had already registered, sat, and passed the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination, UTME, and were awaiting admission. Leading the motion, Vice Chancellor of Elizade University Prof. Kayode Thadius Ijiadunola who got massive support from other heads, registrar, and admission officers participating in the policy meeting, proposed 16 as the minimum age requirement for admission into tertiary institutions. He said, “What happens to those who have written this year’s exams and passed their exams? We reject 18 years as the minimum age requirement and are proposing 16 years.” While the hall erupted in support of 16 years as a minimum requirement, the Registrar of JAMB, Prof. Is-haq Oloyede, asked where parents and candidates were rushing to. Oloyede said: “The only point is they have taken examinations and at that time they were not told or aware and therefore if we want to enforce it, it should be from subsequent years.” The minister in response had said, “I can work with that but I want to remind you of one thing, even that argument cannot stand if we want to go by the law which states 6-3-3-4 as our system of education. “It won’t stand, but for practical reasons, for this year, I will allow it to stand.” Reiterating the minister’s decision amidst a resounding applause, Prof Oloyede added, “We thank the minister for conceding but from next year we will enforce it.” Earlier, the minister while delivering his address as chairman of the 2024 Joint Admissions Matriculation Board’s (JAMB) policy meeting on Education holding on Thursday in Abuja, had called for enforcement of 18 years as the new minimum admission age for admission into tertiary institutions in the country. Immediately after the Minister of Education, Prof Tahir Mamman made the announcement, the stakeholders who turned out their members from across tertiary institutions in the country, voiced resistance which turned the session into a rowdy one. The minister who was unable to proceed with his address as a result of the uproar, had asked “Are we together?” However, the stakeholders responded with a resounding “No!”

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(iv) Product Presentation: Displaying products in an attractive and organized manner to encourage sales. This involves creating visually appealing displays, using effective signage, and strategically placing products to draw customer attention and improve the shopping experience. (v) Promotion: Developing and implementing marketing campaigns to boost product visibility and drive sales. This includes advertising, sales promotions, special offers, and in-store events to create awareness and incentivize purchases. (vi) Customer Service: Providing assistance and support to customers throughout their shopping experience. Excellent customer service enhances customer satisfaction, builds loyalty, and encourages repeat business. (vi) Sales Analysis: Monitoring and analyzing sales data to understand performance trends and make informed decisions. This includes tracking sales by product, category, or season to identify bestsellers, underperformers, and opportunities for improvement. (viii) Product Development: Working with manufacturers or suppliers to develop new products or improve existing ones based on market research and customer feedback. This function ensures the product range evolves to meet changing customer needs and market trends. [7/19, 8:52 AM] UNKNOWN: *MARKETING* (9a) Marketing planning is the process of developing strategies and tactics to achieve marketing objectives. It involves researching and analyzing the market, setting goals, identifying target audiences, determining the marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion), and creating a plan to implement and monitor marketing activities. (9b) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Situation Analysis: Assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) related to the business. Evaluate the market size, growth rate, trends, and competitive landscape. Understand customer demographics, behaviors, needs, and preferences, as well as identifying key competitors and their strengths and weaknesses. (ii) Marketing Objectives: Set specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals. Define sales targets for different products or services, establish targets for market share growth, and set objectives to increase brand visibility and recognition. (iii) Target Market Identification: Divide the market into distinct groups based on demographics, psychographics, behavior, or other relevant factors (segmentation). Select the most attractive market segments to focus on (targeting) and craft a unique value proposition and positioning statement for the target market (positioning). (iv) Marketing Strategy: Make decisions regarding product design, features, quality, and branding. Set prices based on costs, competition, and customer value perception. Determine the best channels to deliver products to customers and plan advertising, sales promotions, public relations, and digital marketing efforts. (v) Budgeting and Resource Allocation: Estimate costs for various marketing activities and allocate the budget accordingly. Ensure the right resources (human, financial, and technological) are available to execute the plan. (vi) Action Plan: Create a detailed timeline for implementing marketing activities. Ensure that all tasks are scheduled and executed in a timely manner, contributing to the overall success of the marketing strategy. [7/19, 8:52 AM] UNKNOWN: MARKETING OBJ 1-10: DCDECCBBBC 11-20: ACDDCDDCEB 21-30: CBAEEDDBDB 31-40: EACCAEBCEE 41-50: CDEBDABBDE 51-60: BDBECCDBCB

[7/19, 8:51 AM] UNKNOWN: *MARKETING* (7) (i) Joint Ventures: Joint ventures involve the collaboration between two or more businesses to pursue a common goal, typically forming a new, jointly-owned entity. Each party contributes assets, shares risks, and participates in management. This arrangement allows companies to leverage complementary strengths, access new markets, and share the financial and operational burdens of large projects. Joint ventures are commonly used in international business to navigate foreign regulatory environments and capitalize on local market knowledge. (ii) Exporting: Exporting is the process by which goods and services produced in one country are sold and shipped to customers in another country. This approach allows businesses to expand their market reach beyond domestic boundaries, increasing sales potential and diversifying revenue streams. Exporting can involve direct sales to foreign buyers or through intermediaries such as export trading companies or agents. It requires understanding and compliance with international trade regulations, logistics coordination, and sometimes adapting products to meet foreign standards and preferences. (iii) Direct Investment: Direct investment, or Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), occurs when a company or individual invests in a business located in another country, typically by acquiring a substantial ownership stake or establishing new operations. This type of investment aims to achieve long-term influence and control over the foreign enterprise. FDI can take various forms, including mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, or the establishment of wholly-owned subsidiaries. It is driven by factors such as market expansion, resource acquisition, and strategic asset seeking. (iv) Tariffs Tariffs are taxes imposed by a government on imported goods and services. These duties are designed to increase the cost of foreign products, making them less competitive compared to domestically produced goods. Tariffs serve multiple purposes: they protect local industries from foreign competition, generate government revenue, and sometimes retaliate against trade practices deemed unfair. While tariffs can benefit local producers by reducing foreign competition, they can also lead to higher prices for consumers and potential trade disputes with other nations. (v) Import Quota: An import quota is a governmental trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity or value of a particular commodity that can be imported into a country during a specified period. This measure aims to protect domestic industries by controlling the volume of foreign goods entering the market, thereby reducing competition for local producers. Import quotas can help stabilize domestic production and prices but can also lead to supply shortages and higher prices for consumers. [7/19, 8:51 AM] UNKNOWN: *MARKETING* (8a) Market Segmentation is the process of dividing a broad consumer or business market into sub-groups of consumers (known as segments) based on some type of shared characteristics. (8b) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Product Selection: Choosing the right products to offer for sale based on consumer demand, market trends, and the company’s target market. This involves understanding customer needs and preferences to ensure the product assortment is appealing and relevant. (ii) Product Pricing: Setting the right price for products to balance profitability with customer value perception. This includes considering factors like cost, competition, market conditions, and pricing strategies to attract customers while ensuring business sustainability. (iii) Inventory Management: Managing stock levels to ensure the right quantity of products is available at the right time. Effective inventory management minimizes the risk of overstocking or stockouts, optimizes storage costs, and enhances cash flow.

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(vi) Psychological Pricing: Use pricing techniques that impact customer perception, such as setting prices just below a round number to make the product appear cheaper. This strategy leverages consumer psychology to drive sales. (vii) Bundle Pricing: Offer a set of products or services together at a lower price than if purchased separately. This strategy can increase the perceived value and encourage customers to buy more, thus boosting overall sales. (viii) Dynamic Pricing: Adjust prices in real-time based on demand, competition, and other external factors. This approach is commonly used in industries like hospitality and e-commerce, where prices can fluctuate based on market conditions. (ix) Geographical Pricing: Set different prices for the same product in different regions or markets, considering factors like local demand, costs, and competitive landscape. This strategy allows for maximizing profits in markets willing to pay more while remaining competitive in price-sensitive areas. (x) Promotional Pricing: Temporarily reduce prices to boost sales and attract customers, often used during special events, holidays, or sales campaigns. This strategy can increase short-term sales and attract new customers who may become repeat buyers.

(iv) Often an ongoing process to stay updated with market trends and changes. (v) Focuses on providing actionable insights that aid in business decisions. (vi) Integrates knowledge and techniques from various disciplines such as economics, sociology, and psychology. (vii) Involves the collection, processing, and interpretation of data to generate meaningful insights. (viii) Aims to identify and solve specific marketing problems or challenges faced by the organization. [7/19, 8:29 AM] UNKNOWN: *MARKETING* (3) (i) Government Market: The government market comprises various governmental agencies at the federal, state, and local levels that purchase goods and services to perform public functions. Governments often buy in large quantities and require suppliers to follow specific regulations and bidding processes. The focus is typically on obtaining quality products at the best possible price to serve the public effectively. (ii) Institutional Market: The institutional market includes organizations such as schools, hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, and other institutions that provide goods and services to people under their care. These entities often have specific needs and purchasing criteria, focusing on long-term relationships with suppliers, quality, and cost-effectiveness. (iii) Reseller Market: The reseller market consists of businesses that purchase goods with the intention of reselling them to other businesses or consumers at a profit. This market includes wholesalers, distributors, and retailers. The primary focus is on the ability to sell the products at a markup, manage inventory efficiently, and understand consumer demand. (iv) Product Development: Product development involves the process of creating, designing, and bringing a new product to market or enhancing an existing product. This includes idea generation, market research, product design, prototyping, testing, and commercialization. Effective product development requires understanding customer needs, technological advancements, and competitive dynamics. (v) Raw Materials: Raw materials are the basic, unprocessed resources used in the production of goods. These materials are typically extracted or harvested and then transformed through manufacturing processes into finished products. Examples include metals, timber, crude oil, and agricultural products. The availability, quality, and cost of raw materials can significantly impact the production process and overall product quality. [7/19, 8:30 AM] UNKNOWN: *MARKETING* (6) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Cost-Plus Pricing: Calculate the total cost of producing the product, including materials, labor, and overhead, and then add a markup percentage to ensure a profit. This method ensures that all costs are covered and a consistent profit margin is maintained. (ii) Value-Based Pricing: Set prices based on the perceived value of the product to the customer rather than the actual cost. This approach requires understanding customer needs and how much they are willing to pay for the benefits your product offers. High perceived value can justify higher prices. (iii) Competitive Pricing: Monitor and analyze the prices set by competitors and adjust your prices accordingly. This can involve setting prices slightly lower to attract price-sensitive customers or matching competitor prices to maintain market share. (iv) Penetration Pricing: Set a low initial price to attract customers and gain market share quickly. Once the product is established and has a customer base, prices can be gradually increased. This strategy is often used for new products entering a competitive market. (v) Skimming Pricing: Set a high initial price for a new or innovative product to maximize profits from early adopters who are willing to pay a premium. Over time, the price can be reduced to attract a broader customer base. This approach helps in recovering research and development costs quickly.

[7/19, 8:21 AM] UNKNOWN: *MARKETING* (3) (i) Government Market: The government market comprises various governmental agencies at the federal, state, and local levels that purchase goods and services to perform public functions. Governments often buy in large quantities and require suppliers to follow specific regulations and bidding processes. The focus is typically on obtaining quality products at the best possible price to serve the public effectively. (ii) Institutional Market: The institutional market includes organizations such as schools, hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, and other institutions that provide goods and services to people under their care. These entities often have specific needs and purchasing criteria, focusing on long-term relationships with suppliers, quality, and cost-effectiveness. (iii) Reseller Market: The reseller market consists of businesses that purchase goods with the intention of reselling them to other businesses or consumers at a profit. This market includes wholesalers, distributors, and retailers. The primary focus is on the ability to sell the products at a markup, manage inventory efficiently, and understand consumer demand. (iv) Product Development: Product development involves the process of creating, designing, and bringing a new product to market or enhancing an existing product. This includes idea generation, market research, product design, prototyping, testing, and commercialization. Effective product development requires understanding customer needs, technological advancements, and competitive dynamics. (v) Raw Materials: Raw materials are the basic, unprocessed resources used in the production of goods. These materials are typically extracted or harvested and then transformed through manufacturing processes into finished products. Examples include metals, timber, crude oil, and agricultural products. The availability, quality, and cost of raw materials can significantly impact the production process and overall product quality. [7/19, 8:29 AM] UNKNOWN: *MARKETING* (4a) (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Consumer Market typically involves individual or household purchases in small quantities WHILE Organizational Market Involves large volume purchases often for production or operational purposes. (ii) Consumer Market decisions are often influenced by personal preferences, brand loyalty, and emotional factors WHILE Organizational Market decisions are more systematic, involving multiple stakeholders and are based on rational criteria such as cost, quality, and supplier reliability (iii) Consumer Market is driven by personal needs, desires, and convenience WHILE Organizational Market is driven by business needs, efficiency, and profitability. (iv) Consumer Market is typically transactional and short-term relationships with minimal personal interaction WHILE Organizational Market Often involves long-term relationships with significant personal interaction and ongoing service requirements (4b) (PICK ANY SIX) (i) To gather insights into what customers want and how to meet their expectations. (ii) To identify and understand different market segments and tailor marketing strategies accordingly. (iii) To test and refine new product ideas before launching them in the market. (iv) To keep track of competitors’ strategies and market position. (v) To identify and capitalize on new market opportunities. (vi) To provide data-driven support for strategic and tactical decisions. (vii) To assess and manage brand perception and equity over time. (viii) To measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns and strategies. (4c) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Involves a structured and methodical approach to data collection and analysis. (ii) Aims to provide unbiased and accurate information for decision-making. (iii) Utilizes scientific methods and techniques to gather and analyze data.

(iv) Product Development: Product development involves the process of creating, designing, and bringing a new product to market or enhancing an existing product. This includes idea generation, market research, product design, prototyping, testing, and commercialization. Effective product development requires understanding customer needs, technological advancements, and competitive dynamics. (v) Raw Materials: Raw materials are the basic, unprocessed resources used in the production of goods. These materials are typically extracted or harvested and then transformed through manufacturing processes into finished products. Examples include metals, timber, crude oil, and agricultural products. The availability, quality, and cost of raw materials can significantly impact the production process and overall product quality.

[7/19, 8:18 AM] UNKNOWN: *MARKETING* (1a) The marketing environment consists of external and internal factors that influence a company's ability to build and maintain successful relationships with its target customers. (1b) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Economic Growth: Marketing activities drive economic growth by creating demand for products and services. This demand stimulates production, leading to job creation and higher income levels. (ii) Employment Generation: The marketing sector, including advertising, distribution, and retail, creates numerous jobs. These jobs span from entry-level positions to high-level management roles, contributing to overall employment in the country. (iii) Market Expansion: Effective marketing strategies help Nigerian companies expand their market reach, both domestically and internationally. This expansion can increase exports, bring in foreign exchange, and enhance the country's trade balance. (iv) Consumer Awareness: Marketing informs and educates consumers about available products and services. This awareness helps consumers make informed choices, leading to better satisfaction and improved standards of living. (v) Innovation and Competition: Marketing fosters innovation as companies strive to differentiate themselves from competitors. This competition leads to the development of new and improved products, benefiting consumers and driving technological advancements. (vi) Revenue Generation: Effective marketing strategies lead to higher sales and revenue for businesses. This revenue contributes to tax income for the government, which can be used for public services and infrastructure development. (vi) Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Development: Marketing is particularly crucial for the growth of SMEs in Nigeria. It helps these businesses reach a wider audience, compete with larger firms, and establish a loyal customer base, thereby strengthening the overall economy. (viii) Cultural Exchange: Marketing promotes cultural products and services, such as Nigerian music, fashion, and cuisine, to international markets. This exchange not only boosts the economy but also enhances Nigeria's cultural influence globally. (ix) Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: By focusing on customer needs and preferences, marketing helps businesses build strong relationships with their customers. Satisfied customers are likely to become repeat buyers and brand advocates, providing long-term benefits to the economy. (x) Adaptation to Market Changes: Marketing research and analysis enable businesses to understand market trends and consumer behavior. This understanding helps companies adapt to changes in the market, ensuring their continued relevance and profitability. [7/19, 8:21 AM] UNKNOWN: *MARKETING* (3) (i) Government Market: The government market comprises various governmental agencies at the federal, state, and local levels that purchase goods and services to perform public functions. Governments often buy in large quantities and require suppliers to follow specific regulations and bidding processes. The focus is typically on obtaining quality products at the best possible price to serve the public effectively. (ii) Institutional Market: The institutional market includes organizations such as schools, hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, and other institutions that provide goods and services to people under their care. These entities often have specific needs and purchasing criteria, focusing on long-term relationships with suppliers, quality, and cost-effectiveness. (iii) Reseller Market: The reseller market consists of businesses that purchase goods with the intention of reselling them to other businesses or consumers at a profit. This market includes wholesalers, distributors, and retailers. The primary focus is on the ability to sell the products at a markup, manage inventory efficiently, and understand consumer demand.

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(5b) (PICK ANY TWO) (i) To prevent introduction of infectious diseases into the farm. (ii) To monitor and observe new animals for signs of illness. (iii) To prevent spread of diseases between animals on the farm. (iv) To ensure animals are healthy before introducing them to the existing herd or flock. (5c) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Skin irritation and discomfort (ii) Reduced productivity (milk, egg, or meat) (iii) Weight loss and reduced growth rates (iv) Potential spread of diseases (v) Decreased feed efficiency (vi) Poor coat or feather condition (vii) Increased susceptibility to secondary infections (viii) Behavioral changes such as restlessness HUSBANDRY 1-10: CAEACDCAEA 11-20: DCADADDBDC 21-30: ADBCEDBACB 31-40: DEEEECEAAA

*ANIMAL HUSBANDRY* (1a) Fertilization in farm animals refers to the process by which a male gamete (sperm) unites with a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote, which eventually develops into a new individual. (1bi) Prolactin (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Milk production (ii) Regulates menstrual cycle (iii) Immune system regulation (1bii) Oxytocin (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Promotes uterine contractions (ii) Facilitates milk ejection (iii) Influences social bonding (1biii) Relaxin (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Relaxes pelvic ligaments (ii) Inhibits uterine contractions (iii) Dilates blood vessels (1biv) Testosterone (PICK ANY ONE) (i) Develops male reproductive tissues (ii) Promotes secondary sexual characteristics (iii) Regulates spermatogenesis (1c) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Nutritional value (ii) Economic benefit (iii) Environmental sustainability (iv) Medical applications (v) Food security (vi) Cultural significance *ANIMAL HUSBANDRY* (2ai) Piglet at Birth: (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Providing warmth (ii) Navel care (iii) Iron supplementation (iv) Colostrum feeding (2aii) Kitten After Weaning: (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Balanced diet (ii) Vaccinations (iii) Socialization (iv) Litter training (2b) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Dairy cows receive a balanced diet with optimal nutrients, leading to increased milk yield. (ii) Climate and housing conditions are regulated to minimize stress and improve milk production. (iii) Routine veterinary care prevents diseases that could impact milk output. (iv) Advanced milking equipment and practices enhance milk extraction efficiency. (v) Breeding programs focus on selecting cows with high milk-producing genetics. (2c) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Local markets (ii) Middlemen and brokers (iii) Processors and tanneries (iv) Exporters (v) Government agencies *ANIMAL HUSBANDRY* (3a) In animal nutrition, a diet refers to the combination of feed ingredients and nutrients provided to an animal to meet its nutritional requirements for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and overall health. (3b) (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Molasses makes silage more appealing to animals, encouraging higher feed intake. (ii) Molasses provides additional sugars that help beneficial bacteria ferment the silage more effectively, leading to better preservation. (iii) The sugars in molasses boost the energy content of the silage, improving its nutritional value. (iv) Molasses helps retain moisture in the silage, which can improve the consistency and quality of the feed. (3c) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Nutritious grass species (ii) Adequate water availability (iii) Well-managed grazing pressure (iv) Good soil fertility (v) Disease-resistant vegetation (3d) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Implementing rotational grazing systems (ii) Restoring degraded areas through reseeding and vegetation management (iii) Controlling invasive species (iv) Installing water points and improving water distribution (v) Implementing sustainable land management practices [L *ANIMAL HUSBANDRY* (4a) A gene in animal improvement is a unit of heredity that carries information from one generation to the next, determining a specific trait or characteristic that can be selected and bred for improvement. (4b) [img]https://i.ibb.co/5hVMxdf/4b-mendel-cross-breed.jpg[/img] (4c) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i) Requires specialized skills and equipment. (ii) Risk of contamination and infection during the procedure. (iii) High costs associated with maintaining skilled personnel and infrastructure. (iv) Lower conception rates compared to natural mating in some species. (v) Requires proper synchronization of estrus cycles in females for optimal results. (vi) Potential damage to reproductive tract during insemination process. (vii) Need for accurate timing and handling of semen to maintain viability. (viii) Requires adequate facilities for proper handling and storage of semen. *ANIMAL HUSBANDRY* (5a) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Vaccination (ii) Quarantine measures (iii) Biosecurity protocols (iv) Regular health monitoring and veterinary care

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