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JAGIR. The term used during Mughal rule for iqta tenures. The holder of land under the jagir system was known as a jagirdar. The assignment of land was usually made for a lifetime, and it was not inheritable. Jagir tenures were different from inam (q.v.) in that they carried an obligation to perform services for the state. JIHAD. A righteous war against unbelievers. JIZYA. Tax paid by zimmis (q.v.) in a Muslim society. KAVI RAI. "Prince of Poets," or poet-laureate. A title used by the Mughals. KHALIFAH. See caliph. KHALSA. See diwan-i-khalsa. KHAN. A Turkish title. Under the sultanate, it designated a particular rank in the military service, but it was frequently used to indicate ethnic affiliations (e.g., the Pathans) or by anyone claiming its connotation of "brave and heroic." KHARIJ. Originally, the tribute paid by conquered populations, but in India it came to mean simply the land tax, or the proportion of the produce claimed by the state. KHUTBA. Sermon delivered in the mosque on Fridays. Mention in it of a ruler's name was a declaration of a claim for sovereignity. KHWAJA. A Persian title of respect. In the sultanate it was used for the official in each province who kept the revenue accounts. KOS. A land measure, varying in different parts of India from one mile to two. KOTWAL. A term applied to various local officials, but usually to the officer who was responsible for police functions in a town or rural area. LAKH. One hundred thousand. MADRASA. A school for Islamic studies, usually associated with a mosque. MALIK. Under the sultanate, a title indicating a military rank, but later used as a general title of honor. Also used for a person who owns land. MALIKI. A school of Islamic jurisprudence. See fiqh. MANSAB. A rank in the Mughal army based on the number of horsemen the officer was supposed to bring into the field. Mansabdars, the holders of the rank, were graded from those responsible for ten horses up to those who were responsible for ten thousand. MAUND. A measure of weight, roughly equal to eighty pounds, but varying greatly in different areas. MIR BAKHSHI. See bakhshi. MIR SAMAN. The official in charge of the imperial household stores, the workshops for producing goods for the palaces, and the arsenals. MLECCHA. Sanskrit term for a non-Indian, meaning "barbarian"; often used for the Muslim invaders. MOHALLA. A subdivision of a city. MUHTASIB. The overseer of public morality. MUJTAHID. A man who through learning and piety is able to undertake the interpretation and application of the Islamic law in such a way that his judgments should be followed by others. MULLAH. A teacher of the law and doctrines of Islam. MUSHRIF. The officer responsible for keeping the account of state income during the sultanate. MUSTAUFI. The official responsible for expenditure and for the auditing of accounts.

FARMAN (firman). An order issued by a ruler. FAUJDAR. In the early period, the word was applied to a military officer, but under the Mughals, it meant the head of a district. Later it was used for a police official. FIQH. Islamic jurisprudence, or the science of interpreting the Shariat (q.v.). There are four orthodox schools: Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, and Shafii. The sources of fiqh are the Quran, hadith, ijma, and quiyas (q.v.). GADDI (gadi). The cushion or seat on which a ruler sits, hence, "throne." GHANIMAH. The spoils of war. In original Islamic practice, four-fifths of all the captured goods went to the army, and a fifth was taken for pious purposes. Under the sultanate, the state took four-fifths and one-fifth was given to the soldiers. GHAZAL. A short poem, usually on a theme dealing with love. HADITH (hadis). A saying or reported action of Muhammad that is not found in the Quran, but that is accepted as a source of fiqh (q.v.). HAJJ. Annual pilgrimage made to Mecca; every Muslim is supposed to make the journey at least once in a lifetime. HANAFI. A school of Islamic jurisprudence. See fiqh. HANBALI. A school of Islamic jurisprudence. See fiqh. HINDUSTANI. 1. Any native of North India (Hindustan). 2. The term was applied to the Indian converts to Islam. 3. As an adjective, is used to describe the products of the fusion of Islamic and Hindu influences; e.g., Hindustani music. IJMA. The consensus of the Islamic community as a source of law. See fiqh. IMAM. A leader of the Islamic community. Among the Shias (q.v.), the descendants of Ali. INAM. A gift or reward; particularly applied to lands which were granted rent-free. IQTA. A form of grant made by the sultants. The grantee had rights of revenue collection but not property rights, which were retained by the state. This tenure corresponded to the jagir (q.v.) of the Mughals.

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BADSHAH. See padshah. BAKHSHI. Under the Mughals, the official who kept the army records and paid the troops. The chief paymaster in the central administration was known as the mir bakhshi, and there were subordinate bakhshis in the provinces. BARID. Official in charge of intelligence and newsgathering. The barid-i-mumalik was the head of the central office, and his agents sent in reports from all over the country. This system was of great importance in controlling local governments. BHAKTI. In Hinduism, devotion offered to a deity, with an emphasis on love and self-surrender. CALIPH (khalifa). A representative or successor; the title adopted by the rulers of the Islamic community indicating, that as successors of Muhammad, they were both spiritual and temporal leaders. After the destruction of the Abbasid caliphate in 1258, the title was held by various rulers, including the Ottoman sultans. The office is referred to as the caliphate or khilafat. CRORE (kror). Ten millions or one hundred lakhs (q.v.). DAR-UL-HARB. "Abode of War." A land ruled by infidels that might, through war, become the "Abode of Islam," dar-ul-Islam. In the nineteenth century, some Muslims argued that India had become dar-ul-harb because of British rule. DAR-UL-ISLAM. "Abode of Islam." A country where Islamic laws are followed and the ruler is a Muslim. DECCAN. India south of the Vindhya Mountains, but more particularly the interior plateau. DIWAN. 1. A ministry or department; but under the Mughals it meant specifically the financial or revenue ministry (diwani). 2. In the provincial administration, the diwan had judicial power in civil cases as well as having control of revenue collection. 3. The term was also applied to the royal court and the council that advised the ruler. 4. The word is also used for the collected works of a poet. DIWAN-I-ARZ. See ariz. DIWAN-I-KHALSA (khalisa). The office in charge of the lands reserved as sources of revenue for the state. DIWAN-I-MAZALIM. A court presided over by the ruler in which petitions were received, complaints against officials were heard, and to which appeals could be made from other courts. DIWAN-I-TAN. The office responsible for payment of salaries. DOAB. "Two rivers." The land lying between two rivers, particularly the area between the Ganges and the Jamna. DURBAR (darbar). The court of a ruler, or an audience granted by him.

Terms used in Maratha Administration Peshwa, in the administration of Shivaji looked after the finances and general administration. Sar-i –naubat or the senapati was the commander in chief of the army but a honourable post in Shivaji’s Administration In Shivaji’s administration majumder was the accountant Surunavis or chitnis helped the ruler with his correspondence WaqeNavis was responsible for post and household affairs Dabir was the master of ceremonies and helped the king with foreign affairs Nayadhish was responsible for judiciary. Shivaji’s land revenue system was grossly borrowed from Malik Ambar Goddess TuljaBhawani the patron goddess of Shivaji.

Importnat Terms AMALGUZAR. A revenue collector, usually the head of a district or pargana (q.v.) AMIL. Under the Mughals, a revenue collector, but the term had more general application during the sultanate. AMIN. A revenue assessor, who decided the government's share of the produce of the land. AMIR. During the sultanate, a designation for officers of the third rank. Later, amir and the plural, umara, were used for "noblemen" in general, and to indicate officials of high rank. AMIR-I-AKHUR. Commander of the cavalry. AMIR-I-DAD. The law officer who carried out the decisions of the judges. Appeals from a qazi's (q.v.) judgment could be made to him, and he investigated complaints made against high officials. AMIR-I-HAJIB. An official of great prestige who superintended all court ceremonies, regulated protocol, and controlled contacts between the ruler and his subjects. "Lord Chamberlain" is the usual translation. AMIR-I-MAJLIS. The official who arranged the social and cultural contacts of the sultan. AMIR-UL-UMARA. Literally, chief of nobles. This was a title conferred by a ruler, rather than an office. ARIZ (or diwan-i-arz). The department of government under the sultanate concerned with maintaining the army. Usually translated "War Office" or "Ministry of War." ARIZ-I-MUMALIK. The official during the sultanate responsible for the administration of the army, including recruiting, payment of salaries, supplies, and transportation. The office was similar to that of the mir bakshi under the Mughals. See "bakhshi."

NATO, EU, OPEC, OPEC+, EXPORT CONTROL GROUPS

This is all for science and tech, we may provide one more file. you do not need to do anything extra, just do these topics becuase you hardly have time.

It will take 4-5 days to complete the revision of S&T And 6-7 Days for Environment Thereafter we will start with History and Geography And we will be done by 24th with everything.