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Q5. With reference to the evolution of civil services, executive accountability, and judicial separation during British Rule in India, arrange the following institutional developments in the correct chronological order from earliest to latest: 1. The structural establishment of a separate, independent Federal Court in Delhi with original, appellate, and advisory jurisdictions. 2. The statutory open locking of the covenanted civil services through competitive examinations held exclusively in London. 3. The operational introduction of dyarchy within the provincial executives, splitting administrative subjects into 'Transferred' and 'Reserved' lists. 4. The formal legal separation of the executive functions of the Governor-General from the judicial oversight of the Supreme Court at Calcutta via a Declaratory Act.

Q4. Geopolitical shifting of trade corridors in the Eurasian and West Asian realms has brought focus onto strategic choke points. Consider the following assertions: 1. The Bab-el-Mandeb strait acts as a maritime transit point between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Oman, structurally isolating the Horn of Africa from the Arabian Peninsula. 2. A vessel navigating from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea via the Bosporus Strait must pass through the Sea of Marmara before entering the Aegean Sea. 3. The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) structurally bypasses the Suez Canal by utilizing a multimodal network linking Mumbai to Astrakhan via the Caspian Sea.

Q3. Amid recent discussions on global blue carbon accounting mechanisms, consider the following statements regarding coastal ecosystem dynamics: 1. Mangrove ecosystems sequester more organic carbon per unit area than terrestrial tropical rainforests, primarily because their anaerobic sediments restrict the metabolic activity of decomposers. 2. Under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) rules classify ecologically sensitive mangrove zones under CRZ-II to enable community-led eco-tourism infrastructure. 3. Tidal salt marshes exhibit a higher rate of methane emission compared to freshwater wetlands due to the high concentration of sulfate ions in seawater acting as electron acceptors.

Q2. Consider the following statements: Statement-I: A prolonged inversion of the Sovereign Yield Curve in a developing economy forces the Central Bank to aggressively lower the benchmark Repo Rate to steepen the curve. Statement-II: Yield curve inversion happens when short-term debt instruments offer higher yields than long-term instruments because investors anticipate near-term macroeconomic structural risks and tighter monetary liquidity.

Q1. Consider the following statements regarding the application of Article 356 and the federal boundary limits established by the Supreme Court: 1. The satisfaction of the President regarding the breakdown of constitutional machinery is completely immune to judicial review, provided the Union Cabinet submits written material. 2. A State Assembly cannot be dissolved by the Governor or President before the Proclamation issued under Article 356 has been approved by both Houses of Parliament. 3. The non-compliance of a State with administrative directives issued by the Union under Article 256 automatically triggers an irrebuttable presumption of the failure of constitutional machinery under Article 365.

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