Darshan Makwana

📊 AS 12 – Accounting for Government Grants ✍️ Remember the basic classification: ❓ Grant related to Revenue → Recognise in P&L over the periods necessary to match the related costs ❓ Grant related to Fixed Asset → Treat according to the prescribed asset-related treatment ❓ Grant received for a specific purpose → Match it with the related expense/asset 💡 Exam Trick (Very Important ⚡) In the exam, follow these steps: 👉 Step 1: Identify the purpose of the Government Grant 👉 Step 2: Decide whether it is related to Revenue or Fixed Asset 👉 Step 3: Apply the appropriate recognition and presentation treatment 👉 Step 4: Check whether any conditions attached to the grant are fulfilled 🧠 Golden Lines (for MCQs + Theory): 📌 Revenue Grant → Recognise in P&L to match related costs 📌 Asset Grant → Deduct from cost of asset OR treat as deferred income, as permitted under AS 12 📌 Grant for a specific fixed asset → Related to that specific asset 📌 Grant towards promoter’s contribution → Capital Reserve 📌 Grant should not be recognised until there is reasonable assurance that conditions will be complied with and the grant will be received ⚡ Easy Memory Trick: Purpose → Classify → Recognise → Match → Present 🎯 Pro Tip: In the exam, first identify what the grant is meant for. Don’t directly treat every government grant as income—the purpose and conditions of the grant determine its accounting treatment.

📊 AS 29 – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities & Contingent Assets ✍️ Remember the 3️⃣ conditions for Provision: ❓ Present Obligation → There must be a present obligation from a past event ❓ Probable Outflow → Settlement is probable to require an outflow of resources ❓ Reliable Estimate → Amount can be reliably estimated 💡 Exam Trick (Very Important ⚡) In the exam, follow these steps: 👉 Step 1: Identify whether there is a present obligation 👉 Step 2: Check whether outflow is probable 👉 Step 3: Check whether the amount can be reliably estimated 👉 Step 4: Decide whether to recognise, disclose, or ignore 🧠 Golden Lines (for MCQs + Theory): 📌 Provision → Recognise when all 3 conditions are satisfied ✅ 📌 Contingent Liability → Not recognised, generally disclose if outflow is not remote 📌 Contingent Asset → Not recognised; disclose when inflow is probable 📌 Contingent Asset becomes virtually certain → Recognise as an Asset ✅ ⚡ Easy Memory Trick: • PROVISION = Present + Probable + Reliable • Contingent Liability = Possible Obligation / Present Obligation but not probable or not reliably measurable • Contingent Asset = Possible Asset 🎯 Pro Tip: In the exam, don’t recognise a contingent item just because there is a possibility. First determine the probability of outflow/inflow, then decide whether it is recognised or disclosed.

📊 AS 13 – Accounting for Investments ✍️ Remember the basic classification: ❓ Current Investment → Held for short-term purpose ❓ Long-term Investment → Investment other than current 💡 Exam Trick (Very Important ⚡) In the exam, follow these steps: 👉 Step 1: Identify whether the investment is Current or Long-term 👉 Step 2: Check whether the investment is purchased Cum-Interest or Ex-Interest 👉 Step 3: Apply the correct valuation rule 👉 Step 4: Account for interest/dividend separately 👉 Step 5: Check for any permanent decline in value 🧠 Golden Lines (for MCQs + Theory): 📌 Cum-Interest → Purchase price includes accrued interest 📌 Ex-Interest → Purchase price excludes accrued interest ⚡ Most Important Exam Point: Cum-Interest Price = Cost of Investment + Accrued Interest Therefore: 👉 Cost of Investment = Cum-Interest Price − Accrued Interest Ex-Interest Price = Cost of Investment 👉 Accrued interest is separately accounted for as Interest Receivable/Income. 🎯 Pro Tip: Whenever you see Cum-Interest / Ex-Interest, first separate the accrued interest from the investment cost. Then apply the AS 13 valuation rules. • Current Investment → Lower of Cost & Fair Value • Long-term Investment → Cost, subject to provision for permanent decline in value.

📊 AS 20 – Earnings Per Share (EPS) ✍️ Remember the basic EPS formula: Basic EPS = Profit attributable to Equity Shareholders ÷ Weighted Average Number of Equity Shares 💡 Exam Trick (Very Important ⚡) In the exam, don’t overcomplicate EPS. Just follow these steps: 👉 Step 1: Calculate Profit attributable to Equity Shareholders 👉 Step 2: Adjust profit for Preference Dividend 👉 Step 3: Calculate Weighted Average Number of Equity Shares 👉 Step 4: Apply the EPS Formula 👉 Step 5: For Diluted EPS, consider potential equity shares that are dilutive 🧠 Golden Line (for MCQs + Theory): “EPS = Profit available to Equity Shareholders ÷ Weighted Average Equity Shares.” ⚡ Remember: • Preference Dividend → Reduce from Profit • Bonus Issue / Rights Issue → Adjust Shares retrospectively • Part-year Issue → Take time-weighted shares 🎯 Pro Tip: First calculate the numerator (Profit), then calculate the denominator (Weighted Average Shares), and finally divide. This makes EPS questions much easier and avoids calculation mistakes.

📘 Accounts – Hot Topics for September, 2026 exams 🔥 ✍️ Focus in this priority order 👇 🔹 Buy Back of Securities / Internal Reconstruction ➡️ Weightage: 4–10 Marks 🔹 Branch Accounting (including Foreign Branch) ➡️ Weightage: ~6 Marks 🔹 AS 3 – Cash Flow Statement (Indirect Method) ➡️ Weightage: ~6 Marks 🔹 AS 14 – Amalgamation of Companies ➡️ Weightage: ~14 Marks 🔹 Financial Statements of Company ➡️ Weightage: 10–14 Marks 🔹 AS 21 with AS 23 / 27 – Consolidated Financial Statements ➡️ Weightage: 10–14 Marks 💡 Pro Tip: Start with low-weight topics for quick wins, then move to heavy chapters. Focus on formats + working notes + adjustments = maximum scoring 💯

📘 Accounts – Hot Topics for May, 2026 exams 🔥 ✍️ Focus in this priority order 👇 🔹 Buy Back of Securities / Internal Reconstruction ➡️ Weightage: 4–10 Marks 🔹 Branch Accounting (including Foreign Branch) ➡️ Weightage: ~6 Marks 🔹 AS 3 – Cash Flow Statement (Indirect Method) ➡️ Weightage: ~7 Marks (Descriptive part) 🔹 AS 14 – Amalgamation of Companies ➡️ Weightage: ~14 Marks 🔹 Financial Statements of Company ➡️ Weightage: 10–14 Marks 🔹 AS 21 with AS 23 / 27 – Consolidated Financial Statements ➡️ Weightage: 10–14 Marks 💡 Pro Tip: Start with low-weight topics for quick wins, then move to heavy chapters. Focus on formats + working notes + adjustments = maximum scoring 💯

📘 Internal Reconstruction – Questionnaire (Exam Revision) ❓ When do we use Capital Reduction A/c in Internal Reconstruction? 👉 Capital Reduction A/c is used when the company undertakes internal reconstruction involving reduction of share capital or sacrifice by stakeholders (shareholders, creditors, debenture holders). It is used to record reconstruction gains. ❓ What items are credited to Capital Reduction A/c? 👉 The following items are credited: • Reduction in share capital • Waiver / sacrifice by creditors or debenture holders • Reduction in liabilities • Profit on revaluation of assets ❓ For which purposes is the balance of Capital Reduction A/c utilised? 👉 It is used to write off: • Accumulated losses (Debit balance of P&L) • Fictitious assets (Preliminary expenses, etc.) • Goodwill • Overvalued assets ❓ How is accumulated loss written off during Internal Reconstruction? 👉 By passing the entry: Capital Reduction A/c Dr.   To P&L A/c (Dr. balance) ❓ What is the accounting treatment of overvalued assets in Internal Reconstruction? 👉 Overvalued portion is reduced by: Capital Reduction A/c Dr.   To Asset A/c ❓ When is Reconstruction A/c opened and how is it different from Capital Reduction A/c? 👉 Reconstruction A/c is opened for working / calculation purposes (memorandum account) while preparing the scheme. 👉 Capital Reduction A/c is the actual account recorded in books. ❓ How are liabilities reduced or settled under an internal reconstruction scheme? 👉 When liabilities are reduced: Liability A/c Dr.   To Capital Reduction A/c 👉 If settled at a lower value, the difference (gain) is credited to Capital Reduction A/c. ❓ How is the balance of Capital Reduction A/c transferred after completing all adjustments? 👉 Remaining balance (if any) is transferred to: Capital Reduction A/c Dr.   To Capital Reserve A/c 💡Pro Tip: Always identify Credits (gains) and Debits (write-offs) of Capital Reduction A/c first—this makes numericals easy and reduces mistakes.

📘 AS 7 – Top 5 Practical Question Areas (Exam Focus) ✍️ Most asked in numerical problems 👇 1️⃣ Percentage of Completion Method Calculation based on cost incurred / total estimated cost, and recognition of contract revenue, cost & profit. 2️⃣ Work Certified vs Work Uncertified Treatment in Contract Account and Balance Sheet presentation. 3️⃣ Notional Profit & Transfer to P&L Computation of notional profit and portion of profit to be transferred based on stage of completion. 4️⃣ Escalation Clause Adjustment of contract price and profit when cost increases beyond a specified limit. 5️⃣ Expected Loss on Contract Immediate recognition of entire expected loss, irrespective of stage of completion. 💡 If you revise these 5, most AS 7 numericals become manageable.

📊 AS 3 – Cash Flow Statement (Indirect Method) ✍️ Remember the + / − rules: ❓ Increase in Liabilities = + (Add) ❓ Increase in Assets = − (Less) ❓ Decrease in Liabilities = − (Less) ❓ Decrease in Assets = + (Add) 💡 Exam Trick (Very Important ⚡) In the exam, don’t overcomplicate it. Just follow these steps: 👉 Step 1: Identify whether it is an Asset or Liability 👉 Step 2: Identify whether it is an Increase or Decrease 👉 Step 3: Apply the rule (+ / −) 👉 Step 4 (Final Step): Place it in the correct activity: ○ Operating Activity ○ Investing Activity ○ Financing Activity 🧠 Golden Line (for MCQs + Theory): “Increase in Current Assets is deducted and increase in Current Liabilities is added.” 🎯 Pro Tip: First decide the sign, then decide the activity — this avoids confusion and saves time in exams.

CA INTERMEDIATE

ADVANCED ACCOUNTING [ACCOUNTS] 🔧 CHAPTER: Internal Reconstruction (IR) ❓ When do we use Capital Reduction A/c and Reconstruction A/c? 📊 AS 3 – Cash Flow Statements ❓ Which method should be used when the question does not disclose the method? 📈 AS 13 – Accounting for Investments ❓ Meaning of Ex-interest and Cum-interest. 🏢 AS 14 – Accounting for Amalgamations ❓ Which method should be used when no method is mentioned for Purchase Consideration (PC) calculation? 👥 AS 21 – Consolidated Financial Statements ❓ How is Minority Interest calculated?

🚨 TOP 10 MOST IMPORTANT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS – SEPTEMBER 2026 🚨

1. AS 2 – Valuation of Inventories 2. AS 7 – Construction Contracts 3. AS 10 – Property, Plant and Equipment 4. AS 12 – Accounting for Government Grants 5. AS 13 – Accounting for Investments 6. AS 19 – Leases 7. AS 20 – Earnings Per Share 8. AS 22 – Accounting for Taxes on Income 9. AS 26 – Intangible Assets 10. AS 29 – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets ⚠️ P.S.: Kindly don’t forget to go through the Journal Entries of Buy-Back of Securities and Internal Reconstruction. These topics can be crucial for securing an exemption in Accounts! 💯🔥

🚨 TOP 10 MOST IMPORTANT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS – SEPTEMBER 2026 🚨

1. AS 2 – Valuation of Inventories 2. AS 7 – Construction Contracts 3. AS 10 – Property, Plant and Equipment 4. AS 12 – Accounting for Government Grants 5. AS 13 – Accounting for Investments 6. AS 19 – Leases 7. AS 20 – Earnings Per Share 8. AS 22 – Accounting for Taxes on Income 9. AS 26 – Intangible Assets 10. AS 29 – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets ⚠️ P.S.: Kindly don’t forget to go through the Journal Entries of Buy-Back of Securities and Internal Reconstruction. These topics can be crucial for securing an exemption in Accounts! 💯🔥

🚨 IMPORTANT FOR CA INTERMEDIATE – PAPER 1: ADVANCED ACCOUNTING 🚨

Dear CA Intermediate Aspirants, The combination of the following 5 chapters and Accounting Standards carries an approximately fixed weightage of 50 MARKS in almost every attempt of CA Intermediate Paper 1 – Advanced Accounting: 1. AS 3 – Cash Flow Statement 2. AS 14 – Amalgamation of Companies 3. AS 21 – Consolidated Financial Statements 4. Financial Statements of Companies 5. Branch Accounting (Including Foreign Branch) 🎯 Focus strongly on these 5 topics to cover approximately 50 marks in this last 1.5 Days! These chapters can be a game-changer in your CA Intermediate Advanced Accounting preparation.

CA INTERMEDIATE

CORPORATE AND OTHER LAWS [LAW] NEW COURSE DESCRIPTIVE PART PAST EXAMS ANALYSIS BY DARSHAN MAKWANA FOR SEPTEMBER, 2026

CA INTERMEDIATE

ADVANCED ACCOUNTING [ACCOUNTS] NEW COURSE PAST EXAMS ANALYSIS BY DARSHAN MAKWANA FOR SEPTEMBER, 2026

📘 CA INRTERMEDIATE

📊 SUBJECT-WISE EXAM DAYS STUDY PLANNERS – SEPTEMBER, 2026 📘 PAPER 1: ADVANCED ACCOUNTING [ACCOUNTS] 📑📈 Concept clarity • High-weightage adjustments • Sure-shot formats 🔗 https://t.me/i16Darshan/155 📕 PAPER 2: CORPORATE & OTHER LAWS [LAW] ⚖️📉 Section-wise revision • Writing approach • Scoring provisions 🔗 https://t.me/i16Darshan/156 🕵️‍♂️ PAPER 3: TAXATION [INCOME TAX + GST] 📚🔍 Frequent amendments • Practical coverage • Fast recall charts 🔗 https://t.me/i16Darshan/157 🧾 PAPER 4: COST & MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING [COSTING] 💰📄 Formula-based revision • High-return chapters • Exam focus 🔗 https://t.me/i16Darshan/158 🔗 https://t.me/i16Darshan/159 🌐 PAPER 5: AUDITING & ETHICS [AUDIT] 🚢🧾 SA-wise coverage • Examiner-favourite areas • Answer presentation 🔗 https://t.me/i16Darshan/160 📊 PAPER 6: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT [FM + SM] 📈🧠 Numerical focus • Theory compression • Last-day boosters 🔗 https://t.me/i16Darshan/161 ⚡️ Designed for smart revision, not stress revision 🚀 Save • Revise • Share with CA Inter & Squad

📘 CA INTERMEDIATE – PAPER 6: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (FM) AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (SM) [FM-SM] 🗓 12 SEPTEMBER, 2026 | 🕐 2:00 PM

🎯 Target: 40+ marks from DESCRIPTIVE section ⏰ Study Window: 7:00 AM – 11:30 PM (Max. 11:59PM) ⏸️ FIXED MEAL & BREAK STRUCTURE ☕️ Breakfast ➝ 10:00 – 10:30 AM 🍽 Lunch ➝ 1:30 – 2:30 PM 🍽 Dinner ➝ 8:30 – 9:30 PM 🔥 BIG CHAPTERS (HIGH WEIGHTAGE) 📊 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (FM): ✔️ Investment Decisions – 8–10 ✔️ Working Capital Management ✔️ Cost of Capital ✔️ Capital Structure ✔️ Leverages ✔️ Dividend Decisions ✔️ Ratio Analysis 🧠 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT (SM): ✔️ STRATEGIC ANALYSIS – EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ✔️ STRATEGIC ANALYSIS – INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ✔️ INTRODUCTION TO STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 🗓 HOURLY DAY-WISE REVISION & STUDY SCHEDULE 🔰 DAY 1 – SM DECISION MAKING ➡️ https://t.me/i16Darshan/152 🔰 DAY 2 – SM FINISH + FM CORE FOUNDATION (HIGH ROI DAY) ➡️ https://t.me/i16Darshan/153 🔰 DAY 3 – EXAM DAY ➡️ https://t.me/i16Darshan/154

📘 CA INTERMEDIATE – PAPER 5: AUDTING AND ETHICS (AUDIT) 🗓 10 SEPTEMBER, 2026 | 🕐 2:00 PM

🎯 Target: 40+ marks from DESCRIPTIVE section ⏰ Study Window: 7:00 AM – 11:30 PM ⏸️ FIXED MEAL & BREAK STRUCTURE ☕️ Breakfast ➝ 10:00 – 10:30 AM 🍽 Lunch ➝ 1:30 – 2:30 PM 🍽 Dinner ➝ 8:30 – 9:30 PM 🔥 BIG CHAPTERS (HIGH WEIGHTAGE) ✔️ Audit Evidence ✔️ Risk Assessment & Internal Control ✔️ Ethics & Terms of Audit Engagement ✔️ Audit of items of Financial Statements ✔️ Completion & Review 🗓 HOURLY DAY-WISE REVISION & STUDY SCHEDULE 🔰 DAY 1 – FOUNDATION & RISK BASE ➡️ https://t.me/i16Darshan/148 🔰 DAY 2 – HIGH-WEIGHTAGE SA DAY ➡️ https://t.me/i16Darshan/149 🔰 DAY 3 – EXAM DAY ➡️ https://t.me/i16Darshan/150

📘 CA INTERMEDIATE – PAPER 4: COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING 🗓 8 SEPTEMBER, 2026 | 🕐 2:00 PM

🎯 Target: 40+ marks from DESCRIPTIVE section ⏰ Study Window: 7:00 AM – 11:30 PM (Max. 11:59PM) ⏸️ FIXED MEAL & BREAK STRUCTURE ☕️ Breakfast ➝ 10:00 – 10:30 AM 🍽 Lunch ➝ 1:30 – 2:30 PM 🍽 Dinner ➝ 8:30 – 9:30 PM 🔥 BIG CHAPTERS (HIGH WEIGHTAGE) ✔️ Marginal Costing ✔️ Budget and Budgetary Costing ✔️ Activity Based Costing ✔️ Service Costing ✔️ Standard Costing ✔️ Cost Sheet PS: This is applicable exclusively for CA Intermediate Both Groups candidates appearing in the September 2026 attempt. 🗓 HOURLY DAY-WISE REVISION & STUDY SCHEDULE 🔰 DAY 1 - LOCK-IN MODE https://t.me/i16Darshan/144 🔰 DAY 2 - HIGH WEIGHTAGE DOMINATION https://t.me/i16Darshan/145 🔰 DAY 3 - EXAM DAY https://t.me/i16Darshan/146

📘 CA INTERMEDIATE – PAPER 4: COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING 🗓 8 SEPTEMBER, 2026 | 🕐 2:00 PM

🎯 Target: 40+ marks from DESCRIPTIVE section ⏰ Study Window: 7:00 AM – 11:30 PM ⏸️ FIXED MEAL & BREAK STRUCTURE ☕️ Breakfast ➝ 10:00 – 10:30 AM 🍽 Lunch ➝ 1:30 – 2:30 PM 🍽 Dinner ➝ 8:30 – 9:30 PM 🔥 BIG CHAPTERS (HIGH WEIGHTAGE) ✔️ Marginal Costing ✔️ Budget and Budgetary Costing ✔️ Activity Based Costing ✔️ Service Costing ✔️ Standard Costing ✔️ Cost Sheet PS: This is applicable exclusively for CA Intermediate Group 2 candidates appearing in the September, 2026 attempt. 🗓 HOURLY DAY-WISE REVISION & STUDY SCHEDULE 🔰 DAY 1 – CONCEPT CLARITY MODE ON ➡️ https://t.me/i16Darshan/139 🔰 DAY 2 – APPLICATION & METHODS MODE ➡️ https://t.me/i16Darshan/140 🔰 DAY 3 – MARKS EXTRACTION MODE ➡️ https://t.me/i16Darshan/141 🔰 DAY 4 – EXAM DAY ➡️ https://t.me/i16Darshan/142