قناة سنة ثانية بشري (دفعة 53)

معلش يا دكتور لكن ذكرتني بالفيديو هذا

أهم حاجه تاخذوش معلومات غلط من أي حد ،، والله نشرح في فسيو هذي ليا 5 سنين وكل سنه نشوف في كوارث ،، نتمنى منكم تتأكدو من مصادركم وربي فضايح مش معلومات لعندكم ي خوتي والله ،، كان بودي نعدل معلوماتكم كلكم بس للأسف الوقت كان ضيق توقعتش هك ، لا معلومات لا ترتيب أفكار لا شي ،، كان الله في عونكم بكره .

Abnormal WBC Counts • Leukocytosis: ↑ TLC > 11,000/mm³ (e.g., bacterial infection) • Leukopenia: ↓ TLC < 4,000/mm³ (e.g., viral infection, enteric fever) • Leukemia: uncontrolled production of abnormal WBCs • May be lymphocytic or myelogenous • Acute: rapid, fatal in months • Chronic: slow, years • Effects: infections, anemia, fatigue, bleeding (due to ↓ platelets) Inflammation Key Features • Local vasodilation • Increased capillary permeability → swelling • Histamine from basophils causes these effects Defense Sequence 1. Tissue macrophages: first line of defense 2. Neutrophil invasion: second line • Margination: neutrophils stick to vessel walls • Diapedesis: squeeze into tissues • Chemotaxis: move toward injury • Phagocytosis Phagocytosis Mechanisms • Opsonization: antibodies coat bacteria • O₂-independent killing: lysosomal enzymes • O₂-dependent killing: respiratory burst, free radicals Reticuloendothelial System (RES) • Network of monocytes & macrophages in tissues • Includes: • Liver → Kupffer cells • Brain → Microglia • Lungs → Alveolar macrophages • Skin → Langerhans cells • Bone → Osteoclasts • Kidneys → Mesangial cells • Spleen, lymph nodes, connective tissue macrophages

Neutrophils • Purple granules; 2–3 lobed nucleus • Attracted by chemotaxins (C5a, IL-8, LTB4, kallikrein, PAF) • Highly phagocytic • ↑ in acute bacterial infections • Major killers with macrophages Eosinophils • Red granules; 2-lobed nucleus • Defend against parasites (release lysosomal enzymes) • ↑ in allergies (asthma); release histaminase • Weak phagocytes Basophils (implicitly part of granulocytes even if not detailed above) • Release histamine and heparin • Important in allergic reactions Monocytes / Macrophages • Largest WBC; kidney-shaped nucleus • Become macrophages in tissues • Strong phagocytes • ↑ in chronic infections Lymphocytes • Smallest WBC • Found in lymphoid organs • Two types: T cells & B cells • Responsible for acquired (adaptive) immunity T Lymphocytes (Cell-Mediated Immunity) • Develop in bone marrow → thymus • Control intracellular pathogens • Helper T cells: most numerous; release lymphokines (interleukins), activate B cells & macrophages • Killer (cytotoxic) T cells: release toxic molecules to destroy infected cells • Regulatory T cells: suppress immune responses • Memory T cells: faster response on re-exposure B Lymphocytes (Humoral Immunity) • Mature in bone marrow • Control extracellular pathogens • Differentiate into plasma cells → produce antibodies

General Features • Largest blood cells; white due to no hemoglobin. • Total WBC count (TLC): 4,000–11,000 / mm³ (≈1% of blood volume). • Formed in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. • Defend the body by phagocytosis or antibody production. • Rapidly transported to sites of infection & inflammation. Types of WBCs 1) Granulocytes (75%) • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils 2) Agranulocytes (25%) • Lymphocytes • Monocytes Sites of Formation • Bone marrow: granulocytes + monocytes • Lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus): lymphocytes + plasma cells Regulation of WBC Production • Cytokines / Colony-stimulating factors: stimulate granulocytes • Interleukins (e.g., IL-7): stimulate lymphocytes Life Span of WBCs • Granulocytes: 4–8 hours (blood), 4–5 days (tissues) • Monocytes → macrophages: 10–20 hours in blood, months in tissues • Lymphocytes: weeks to months

🟡 6 . WBC : ⬇️⬇️⬇️⬇️

ناخذ رست ونجيكم شباب 😴. مزال حاجه بسيطه بكل في كورس ال blood

مازال عندنا شيت ال WBC فقط ونكلو كورس ال blood .

هذا شيت ال Hemostasis كمل ي شباب ♥️.

Tests of Hemostasis • Platelet count • Bleeding time (↑ in thrombocytopenia) • Clotting time (↑ in hemophilia, vitamin K deficiency) • Prothrombin time (PT): Extrinsic (Factor VII) • APTT: Intrinsic (VIII, IX, XI, XII) Bleeding Disorders 1. Platelet Disorders • Low number: thrombocytopenia • Defective function 2. Coagulation Disorders • Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency) • Hemophilia B (Factor IX deficiency) • Hemophilia C (Factor XI deficiency) • Vitamin K deficiency • von Willebrand disease • Liver disease Thrombocytopenic Purpura • Platelets <50,000/mm³ • Easy bruising & mucosal bleeding • Normal clotting time, prolonged bleeding time • Causes: marrow suppression, autoimmune • Treatment: platelet transfusion