قناة سنة ثانية بشري (دفعة 53)
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كل ما يخص سنه اولى وكل النصائح يلي تحتاجها والشرح يلي حيفيدك حتلقاه في القناه هذي . د عماد لافي ♥️.
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أريحوا قلوبكم أخوتي بذكر الله ، أَلَا بِذِكْرِ اللهِ تَطْمَئِنُّ القُلُوبْ ♥️.
أكيد رايفتو عليا في الهستو ؟؟
فش حد من ليشرحو في الهستو فيه جو كيفي انا 🙄
ربي يعينكم ع كلط الماده وليعطو فيها 🥲😂.
تلقوا مراجعات الهستو هنا مع دكتور محمود ، ابدو اليوم .
ربي يوفقكم جميعا خوتي ♥️.
Denaturation of Proteins
• Native proteins are proteins in their normal, functional state.
• Denaturation is the loss of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures without breaking peptide bonds.
• Therefore, the primary structure remains intact.
Causes of Denaturation
• Physical: high temperature, pressure, UV radiation, shaking.
• Chemical: strong acids, strong bases, urea, heavy metal salts.
Types of Denaturation
• Reversible (rare): protein refolds after removal of denaturing agent (renaturation).
• Example: ribonuclease denatured by urea and β-mercaptoethanol.
• Irreversible: protein cannot refold due to improper folding.
• Protein folding often requires chaperone proteins.
Effects of Denaturation
• Physical: changes in solubility and viscosity.
• Chemical: exposure of hidden groups (e.g. –SH), loss of hydrogen bonds.
• Biological: loss of enzymatic and hormonal activity, loss of antigenicity, increased digestibility.
