MN - English Literature

67. Picaresque: A narrative genre following the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by their wits in a corrupt society. Usually episodic in structure and satirical in tone. Example: “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” 68. Protagonist: The main character in a literary work, whose story the work primarily follows. Not necessarily heroic or morally good, but the central figure whose actions drive the narrative and with whom readers often identify. 69. Rhetoric: The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech and other compositional techniques. Includes ethos (ethical appeal), pathos (emotional appeal), and logos (logical appeal). 70. Satire: The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. Can be gentle and horatian or harsh and juvenalian. 71. Simile: A figure of speech that compares two different things by using the words “like” or “as” to make the comparison. Example: “He ran like a cheetah” or “She sings as sweetly as a bird.” 72. Soliloquy: A speech in a play in which a character speaks their thoughts aloud while alone on stage. Provides insight into the character’s mind and feelings, and can be used to reveal plot information or create dramatic irony. 73. Stream-of-consciousness: A literary technique that seeks to replicate the natural flow of thoughts, feelings, and observations in the human mind. Often used in modernist and experimental fiction to create a sense of immediacy and intimacy. 74. Symbolism: The use of objects, colors, or other elements to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Can be used to convey complex meanings, themes, or emotions in a subtle and suggestive way. 75. Syntax: The arrangement of words and phrases to form sentences and convey meaning. Can be used to create a range of effects, from clarity and simplicity to complexity and ambiguity. 76. Theme: The underlying idea or message that emerges from a literary work. Can be a commentary on human nature, society, morality, or other aspects of life. 77. Tone: The attitude or feeling that a writer conveys through their words, often influenced by their perspective, emotions, and intentions. Can range from formal to informal, serious to playful, and objective to subjective. 78. Tragic flaw: A characteristic or trait that ultimately leads to a character’s downfall or demise. Often used in tragedy to explore themes of fate, morality, and the human condition. 79. Volta: A sudden shift or turn in the tone, meaning, or emotion of a poem, typically occurring in sonnets. Often marks a point of revelation, reflection, or resolution in the poem’s structure . 80. Postmodernism: A literary and philosophical movement that emerged in the mid-20th century, characterized by a rejection of traditional notions of objective truth and a focus on playfulness, irony, and experimentation. 81. Syllepsis: A rhetorical device in which a word or phrase is used to apply to two or more words in a sentence, often creating a humorous or clever effect. 82. Utopia: A literary or philosophical concept that describes an ideal or imaginary society, often used to explore themes of social justice, politics, and human nature. 83. Verbal irony: A figure of speech in which the words used convey a meaning that is opposite of their

52. Dystopia: A fictional society characterized by human misery, oppression, disease, and/or overcrowding. Often set in the future, dystopian literature serves as a warning about current social, political, or technological trends. Examples include “1984” and “Brave New World.” 53. Epiphany: A sudden realization or moment of insight that changes a character’s understanding of themselves or their world. Often serves as a turning point in the narrative, leading to character development or plot advancement. 54. Flashback: A narrative technique where the story interrupts the present action to show events that occurred in the past. Used to provide background information, explain character motivations, or reveal crucial plot elements that happened before the main narrative. 55. Foil: A character whose qualities or actions serve to emphasize those of the protagonist by providing a strong contrast. The foil highlights the protagonist’s traits through comparison and opposition. Example: Draco Malfoy serves as a foil to Harry Potter. 56. Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues to suggest future events in a story. Can be subtle (symbolic) or direct (prophetic), creating suspense and preparing readers for later developments while making the story feel more cohesive when these elements pay off. 57. Free verse: Poetry that does not follow formal patterns of regular rhythm, rhyme, or musical structure. While it may contain some elements of poetic craft, it’s characterized by natural speech rhythms and irregular line lengths. 58. Hyperbole: Intentional and obvious exaggeration used for emphasis or humorous effect. Not meant to be taken literally but to create a vivid impression. Example: “I’ve told you a million times” or “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.” 59. Irony: A literary device where the intended meaning is different from, or opposite to, what is actually stated. Can be verbal (saying one thing, meaning another), situational (outcome differs from expectation), or dramatic (audience knows what characters don’t). 60. Juxtaposition: Placing two or more ideas, characters, actions, settings, phrases, or words side by side for comparison or contrast. Helps highlight differences and similarities, creating deeper meaning through the relationship between elements. 61. Motif: A recurring element, pattern, or idea in a literary work that helps develop the theme. Can be an image, sound, action, or concept that repeats throughout the work, gaining symbolic significance. Example: The green light in “The Great Gatsby.” 62. Negative capability: Term coined by Keats referring to the ability to remain in uncertainty without irritably reaching for fact or reason. The capacity to accept ambiguity and mystery in art and life rather than seeking definitive answers. 63. Onomatopoeia: Words that phonetically imitate or suggest the sound they describe. Creates immediate sensory impact and helps readers hear what they’re reading. Examples: “buzz,” “splash,” “boom,” “whispering,” “crash.” 64. Paradox: A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or absurd but expresses a possible truth. Used to attract attention, challenge conventional thinking, or reveal complex realities. Example: “I must be cruel to be kind” (Hamlet). 65. Pathetic fallacy: The attribution of human emotions or characteristics to nature or inanimate objects, particularly in art and literature. Often used to reflect characters’ emotional states. Example: “The angry clouds gathered” or “The cheerful daffodils danced.” 66. Persona: The character or role adopted by a writer or speaker, distinct from their real identity. In poetry, it’s the narrative voice or character through which the poet speaks, which may or may not reflect the poet’s actual personality.

37. Antagonist: The character, group of characters, or force that creates the central conflict for the protagonist. The antagonist doesn’t have to be a person – it could be nature, society, fate, or even internal struggles within the protagonist themselves. 38. Apostrophe: A rhetorical device where a speaker directly addresses someone absent, dead, or an inanimate object as if it were present and capable of responding. For example, “Death, be not proud” (John Donne). 39. Archetype: A universal pattern, character type, or situation that recurs across cultures and time periods in literature. Examples include the hero’s journey, the wise old man, the femme fatale, or the quest narrative. 40. Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds within words in close proximity, creating a musical effect. Unlike rhyme, the surrounding consonants are different. Example: “The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.” 41. Ballad: A narrative poem that tells a story, typically following a regular rhyme scheme and meter. Traditional ballads often deal with folklore, tragic love stories, or heroic deeds, and were originally meant to be sung. 42. Bildungsroman: A literary genre focusing on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from childhood to adulthood. These novels typically follow the character’s journey through formative experiences, personal struggles, and self-discovery. Examples include “Great Expectations” and “The Catcher in the Rye.” 43. Caesura: A strong pause or break within a line of poetry, often indicated by punctuation or natural speech rhythm. It can be used to create dramatic effect, control pacing, or emphasize certain ideas. Example: “To be, || or not to be.” 44. Catharsis: The emotional purification or purgation experienced by the audience during a tragedy. Aristotle described it as the release of pity and fear that occurs when witnessing dramatic works, leading to emotional renewal and relief. 45. Conceit: An extended metaphor that makes a surprising, ingenious, or unconventional comparison between two very different things. Common in metaphysical poetry, like John Donne comparing lovers to a compass. 46. Conflict: The central struggle between opposing forces in a story, driving the plot forward. Can be external (character vs. character, nature, society) or internal (character vs. self). Multiple conflicts often exist within a single work. 47. Consonance: The repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the ends of words, but with different vowel sounds. Unlike alliteration, these sounds can appear anywhere in the words. Example: “pitter-patter,” “all tall bells.” 48. Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme and typically share the same meter. Often used to provide a neat conclusion to a sonnet or to emphasize a particular thought. Example: “Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow / That I shall say good night till it be morrow.” 49. Denouement: The final part of a narrative that resolves all remaining plot complications and conflicts after the climax. It provides closure and reveals the effects of the story’s events on the characters, tying up loose ends and showing how everything settles into place. 50. Diction: The specific choice and use of words and phrases in verbal or written communication. It encompasses vocabulary, style, and manner of expression, which can range from formal to informal, simple to complex, and can reveal character, education level, or social status. 51. Didactic: Literature that’s intended to teach or instruct, often with a moral or ethical lesson as its primary purpose. While sometimes obvious, didactic elements can be subtly woven into the narrative. Common in children’s literature, fables, and religious texts.

1. Dramatic irony : A situation in which the audience knows something that the characters in the story don’t. 2. Elegy : A mournful poem or song often about someone who has died. 3. Ellipsis: The omission of a word or phrase , this is implied by the context . 4. Epic: A long narrative poem , usually about heroic deeds or events in history . 5. Epilogue : A concluding section of a literary work , often used to provide closure into the events of the story . 6. Euphony: Pleasant or musical sounds in language . 7. Exposition : The introduction or explanation of the background information for a story. 8. Fable: A short narration , often with animal characters that conveys a moral lesson or message . 9. Falling action: The part of Story that follows the climax and leads to the resolution . 10. Farce : A humorous play with exaggerated situations . 11. Figurative language: Language that uses figure of speech by metaphor or simile to convey meaning. 12. Foot : The basic unit of meter in poetry , usually contains stressed and unstressed syllables. 13. Symbolism: The use of symbols or symbolic language to represent ideas, quality or concepts. 14. Theme: It’s a message or meaning conveyed by a literary work. 15. Tone: The authors attitude toward the Subject matter. 16. Tragedy: It’s a type of drama or literary work which ends to the protagonist down and ends to sad actions. 17. Allusion : It refers to well known person, place, events in a history used to enrich the meaning of a Literary work. 18. Imagery: The use of sensory details such as sight sound to create vivid describe description in a literary work. 19. Pun : is a play on words that uses a word or phrase in two different senses. 20. Setting: It refers to the time and place in which the events of the word work take place. 21. Personification: The attribution of human qualities or Characteristic to non-human things. 22. Iambic pentameter: A metrical pattern in poetry consisting of five iambs per line, with an iamb being an unstressed syllable followed by stressed syllable 23. Plot: The sequence of events that make up story including exposition, riging action, Climax, Falling action and resolution. 24. Point of view : The perception form which a story is told, such as first or third person. 25. Prose: written or spoken language in It’s ordinary form, without metrical structure. 26. Protagonist: The main character or hero of a literary work. 27. Rhyme: The repetition of similar sounds at the end of the words, offen used in poetry. 28. Rhythm: The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllable in a line of poetry. 29. Satire: A literary work that uses humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize human folly . 30. Simile: A Figure of speech in which a Comparison is made between two things using Like or as. 31. Sonnet: It’s type of written poem which Consist 14 lines with the specific thyme scheme often used to express Love or other emotions. 32. Stanza: A group of lines in a poem, usually seprated from other stanza by a blank line. 33. Stream of Consciousness: A narrative technique in which a Characters thoughts, Feelings are presented in a continuous and unbroken flow. 34. Style: It’s away which the writer uses Language and other techniques to express ideas. 35. Allegory: A narrative or description that has a second, deeper meaning beneath its surface. The characters, events, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. For example, Animal Farm is an allegory of the Russian Revolution where animals represent different social classes and political figures. 36. Anaphora: The deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for emotional emphasis or rhetorical effect. For example, “I have a dream” in Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous speech.

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