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🩺 THYROID GLAND DISORDERS 7 Parts 🟥 PART I — Embryology, Surgical Anatomy, Physiology & Investigations 📘 Version 1: English Study Notes 📖 Version 2: Arabic Explanation | Clinical Cases & Practical Notes 🟥 PART II — Congenital Thyroid Anomalies 📘 Version 1: English Study Notes 📖 Version 2: Arabic Explanation | Clinical Cases & Practical Notes 🟥 PART III — Goitre 📘 Version 1: English Study Notes 📖 Version 2: Arabic Explanation | Clinical Cases & Practical Notes 🟥 PART IV — Thyroid Tumors 📘 Version 1: English Study Notes 📖 Version 2: Arabic Explanation | Clinical Cases & Practical Notes 🟥 PART V — Thyroiditis 📘 Version 1: English Study Notes 📖 Version 2: Arabic Explanation | Clinical Cases & Practical Notes 🟥 PART VI — Solitary Thyroid Nodule 📘 Version 1: English Study Notes 📖 Version 2: Arabic Explanation | Clinical Cases & Practical Notes 🟥 PART VII — Hyperparathyroidism 📘 Version 1: English Study Notes 📖 Version 2: Arabic Explanation | Clinical Cases & Practical Notes ⸻ 📘 English Study Notes: للحفظ والمراجعة وترتيب المعلومات الطبية. 📖 Arabic Explanation: للفهم المفصّل، والـ Clinical Cases، والربط بالعملي. كلشي داسوي اعتمادا على المصدر مو محاضرات كليتنا المعلومات موجودة للفهم والتوسع واكيد محاضرة الكلية تبقى المرجع الأساسي المطلوب

🟥 Types of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) 🔺 1. HbSS (Sickle Cell Anemia) Most common and usually most severe form. HbS is the predominant hemoglobin. HbA absent. 🔺 2. HbSC Disease Inherits HbS from one parent and HbC from the other. Usually milder than HbSS, but serious complications can occur. 🔺 3. HbS/β-Thalassemia HbS combined with β-thalassemia. HbS/β⁰-thalassemia: Usually severe; HbA absent. HbS/β⁺-thalassemia: Variable severity; some HbA present. 🔺 4. Other rare forms - HbS combined with other abnormal hemoglobins, such as HbSD or HbSE.

🟥 Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) – Pathophysiology 🔺 Cause: Autosomal recessive disorder. Point mutation in β-globin gene (HBB). Glutamic acid → Valine at position 6 → formation of HbS. 🔺 Mechanism: Deoxygenation → HbS polymerization → RBC sickling → decreased deformability + membrane damage. 🔻 Two main pathways: 🩸 1. Hemolysis RBC destruction → chronic hemolytic anemia. ↑ Unconjugated bilirubin → jaundice + pigment gallstones. ↑ Reticulocyte count. 🩸 2. Vaso-occlusion Sickled RBCs adhere to endothelium and obstruct small vessels. Ischemia → tissue injury → severe pain (vaso-occlusive crisis). Repeated splenic infarctions → functional asplenia → ↑ risk of infections. 🔺 Factors that trigger sickling: Hypoxia. Dehydration. Acidosis. Infection.

🟥 Haemolytic Anemia (HA) HA = Premature RBC destruction → ↓ RBC lifespan → anemia. 🔺 Causes: Autoimmune, G6PD deficiency, hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell disease. 🔺 Mechanism: RBC destruction ↑ → Hb ↓ → bilirubin ↑ → anemia + jaundice. 🔴 Main symptoms: • Pallor, fatigue, weakness • Jaundice • Dark urine • Splenomegaly 💡 Investigations — R-L-I-H 🔺 Reticulocytes: ↑ 🔺 LDH: ↑ 🔺 Indirect bilirubin: ↑ 🔺 Haptoglobin: ↓ 💡 Management — C-T-S • C — Cause: Treat the underlying cause. • T — Treatment: Corticosteroids for autoimmune hemolysis, if indicated. • S — Supportive care: Folic acid; blood transfusion if severe or clinically indicated.

السلام عليكم طلاب تواصلت معي زميلتكم طالبة معنا والدتها عدها كانسر وارسلت لي مجموعة تحاليل اطلعت عليها حالتها المادية ضعيفه ووالدها عامل الي يحب يساعد ولو بشيء بسيط لا يقصر والله يدفع عنا وعنكم الامراض ويحفظكم جميعا ويعافي والدة البنية 910197288624 رقم الماستر للتبرع

🟥 DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) DIC = Widespread coagulation → microthrombi + consumption of platelets & clotting factors. 🔺 Causes: Sepsis, trauma, malignancy, obstetric complications. 🔺 Mechanism: Trigger → thrombin ↑ → microthrombi → consumption of platelets & factors → bleeding. 🔴 Main symptoms: Petechiae, purpura Epistaxis, gum bleeding Bleeding from IV sites Organ dysfunction due to microthrombi 💡 Investigations — P-P-F-D 🔺Platelets: ↓ 🔺PT/aPTT: ↑ 🔺Fibrinogen: ↓ 🔺D-dimer: ↑ 💡 Management — T-B-F 1-T — Treat underlying cause. 2-B — Blood products: Platelets, FFP, cryoprecipitate if indicated. 3-F — Follow-up: Monitor coagulation tests and clinical status.

🟥ITP (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) ITP = Immune destruction of platelets 🔺• Cause: Anti-platelet antibodies → attack GP IIb/IIIa.(plt. Receptor) 🔺• Where destroyed? Mainly spleen → ↓ platelets. 🔴• Main symptoms: → Bruising → Epistaxis → Menorrhagia → Severe ↓ platelets → spontaneous bleeding. 🔺 <10 × 10⁹/L: risk of intracranial bleeding • Splenomegaly: Usually absent. 💡Management — Remember: S → S → IVIG → R 1. Steroids → first line. (prednisolone 1mg/kg) 2. IVIG → if rapid platelet increase is needed.(immunoglobulin 1g/kg) يعني اذا الطفل وزنه مثلا (30kg) تنطيه 30g immunoglobuline 3. Rituximab / TPO agonists → persistent cases. 4. Splenectomy → refractory/chronic cases.

🔴 Grey Turner’s sign is a medical sign characterized by bluish-purple bruising on the flanks (the sides of the body between the lower ribs and hips). It takes 24 to 48 hours to appear and indicates retroperitoneal hemorrhage (bleeding behind the abdominal cavity). 🔺-retropertonail bleeding 🔴Causes Severe acute pancreatitis Ruptured ectopic pregnancy Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) Abdominal or retroperitoneal trauma

🔴Cullen’s sign is a medical term for bruising, swelling, and dark discoloration (yellow, blue, purple, brown, or black) around the belly button (umbilicus). 🔺It indicates internal bleeding (hemorrhage) in the abdominal or retroperitoneal cavity. 🔺Common Causes _Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis _Ruptured ectopic pregnancy _Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. _Abdominal trauma

​📢 دعوة للمشاركة في بحث علمي: الوعي بفحص سرطان البروستات ​"بالوعي والمعرفة.. نحمي صحة المجتمع ونرتقي بمستوى الرعاية." ​في إطار إنجاز بحث علمي يهدف إلى تقييم مستوى الوعي بفحص سرطان البروستات والعوامل المؤثرة فيه، يسعدنا جداً مشاركتكم الكريمة وإبداء آرائكم من خلال الاستبيانات المخصصة أدناه. ​نظراً لأهمية كل زاوية في هذه الدراسة، فقد قمنا بتخصيص استبيان مستقل لكل فئة: ​👥 للفئة العامة : يهدف لمعرفة مدى الوعي المجتمعي بأهمية الفحص ودوره الوقائي. 🔗 https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfhoYOAs-_fdxSReV3Rx26QR_vMQSY6WeXJo_AeZl-k7f-P6Q/viewform?usp=header ​🩺 للفئة الطبية (الأطباء والكوادر الصحية): يهدف لاستطلاع الرأي المهني والسريري حول ممارسات التوعية والكشف المبكر. 🔗 https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdvhIqq9pthcHgRb3NqFeBE7balFqW3DguJY7cA7KmEMixQ_A/viewform?usp=publish-edito ​جميع الإجابات تُعامل بسرية تامة وتُستخدم لأغراض البحث العلمي فقط. ​كل الشكر لوقتكم ودعمكم المستمر لإنجاح هذه الدراسة. 🙏

السلام عليكم شونكم بلا زحمة الي يكدر يملينا هذا الفورم