UPSC & PCS NOTES

Landslide

Straits of the World

🎯 𝗚𝗗𝗣 (𝗚𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀 𝗗𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁) 📌 𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒈𝒐𝒐𝒅𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚'𝒔 𝒈𝒆𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅 (𝒖𝒔𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓). 🔸𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚 (𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝): 𝐆𝐃𝐏 = 𝐂 + 𝐈 + 𝐆 + (𝐗 − 𝐌) Where: C = Private Consumption I = Investment G = Government Expenditure X = Exports M = Imports ❇️ 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 If in one year: Consumption = ₹600 crore Investment = ₹200 crore Government Expenditure = ₹150 crore Exports = ₹100 crore Imports = ₹50 crore 𝐆𝐃𝐏 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎 + (𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎) = ₹𝟏,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐫𝐞 🚨 𝐌𝐧𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐜: "𝐂𝐈𝐆-𝐗𝐌" → 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 + 𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 + 𝐆𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 + (𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐬 − 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐬)

🎯 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 📌 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ✓ 𝑬𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 1979 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒓𝒋𝒊 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒂𝒊-𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕. ✓ 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑩𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒉𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒊 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒂𝒅 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒍 (𝑩.𝑷. 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒍). ✓ 𝑶𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒂𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 📌 𝐎𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 ✓ 𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒚 𝑺𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑬𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝑩𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝑺𝑬𝑩𝑪𝒔/𝑶𝑩𝑪𝒔). ✓ 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒅𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕. ✓ 𝑺𝒖𝒈𝒈𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒔. 📌 𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 ✓ 𝑬𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑶𝑩𝑪 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒕 52% (𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 1931 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒔 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂). ✓ 𝑰𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 3,743 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒔 𝑶𝑩𝑪𝒔. 📌 𝐌𝐚𝐣𝐨𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 ✓ 27% 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝑩𝑪𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑮𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒋𝒐𝒃𝒔. ✓ 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔. ✓ 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍, 𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒍, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒖𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒕𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑶𝑩𝑪𝒔. ✓ 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝑺𝑪 + 𝑺𝑻 + 𝑶𝑩𝑪) 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 49.5% 📌 𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ✓ 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 1990 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑽. 𝑷. 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒉. ✓ 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒂 📌 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐭 𝐉𝐮𝐝𝐠𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 🔸𝑰𝒏 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒓𝒂 𝑺𝒂𝒘𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒚 𝒗. 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒂 (1992), 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒕: • 𝑼𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒅 27% 𝑶𝑩𝑪 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏. • 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎𝒚 𝑳𝒂𝒚𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆. • 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 50% (𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔).

LORENZ CURVE 📈 How do economists measure income and wealth inequality?

Classical Dance Forms by State