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- بسم الله الرحٰمن الرحيم - كم نفر عِدهم طن تراكمات وامتحانات وقرروا يجتهدون ويسوون هاي القناة ويُدرسون بيها ..
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380
A patient has pancreatic destruction due to chronic pancreatitis. Which enzyme may remain within normal range despite disease?
380
Which enzyme continues carbohydrate digestion after salivary amylase activity stops in the stomach?
380
A patient develops premature activation of trypsinogen within the pancreas. The direct consequence is:
380
✨Lipase = أكثر specificity للبنكرياس✨
✨Amylase not pancreas-specific ❌✨
✨Acute pancreatitis → ↑ amylase + ↑ lipase✨
✨Chronic pancreatitis → amylase ممكن طبيعي✨
✨Secretin → bicarbonate✨
يهضم البايوكاربوات وتكتمل عمليه تلهضم بالمعدة
✨CCK → enzymes✨
✨Zymogens prevent autodigestion✨
✨Fecal elastase ↓ = chronic pancreatic insufficiency✨
✨Amylase rises early & falls fast✨
380
Amylase in pancreatitis / الزمن
rises: 6–12 hours
peaks early
normal: 3–5 days
✨lipase stays longer (أهم وأدق)✨
————————————————-
✨Lab correlation للبنكرياس ✨ :
↑ amylase + lipase → acute pancreatitis
↓ fecal elastase → chronic pancreatic insufficiency
————————————————-
✨Intestinal enzymes / إنزيمات الأمعاء✨
Maltase: maltose → glucose
Lactase: lactose → glucose + galactose
Sucrase: sucrose → glucose + fructose
380
✨Exocrine pancreas : Produces digestive enzymes + bicarbonate.✨
✨Small intestine final digestion and is the main site of absorption. ✨
✨✨Amylase ✨✨
1- breaks carbohydrate (starch, glycogen) into smaller sugars (maltose, dextrins).
2- Sources / المصادر
Salivary glands
Pancreas
3- Function / الوظيفة
Starts digestion in mouth
Continues in duodenum
4- Lab tests / الفحوصات
Serum amylase
Urine amylase (أقل استخدام)
✨الاميليز غير خاص بالبنكراس فقط ✨ ‼️
لذلك اللايبيز يكون اكثر خاصيه more specificity
380
A patient with testicular teratoma has elevated AFP and HCG. After chemotherapy, both markers fall to normal. Two years later, HCG rises while AFP remains normal.
380
A 22-year-old male is diagnosed with testicular teratoma. His AFP level is 12,500 kU/L. After chemotherapy, AFP decreases to normal levels. Six months later, AFP starts rising again.
380
Which tumour marker is BOTH useful in diagnosis and monitoring of testicular teratoma?
380
A patient receives chemotherapy. The tumour marker level decreases but much slower than predicted from its half-life.
This suggests:
380
A patient with testicular teratoma has AFP level >10,000 kU/L at diagnosis.
This finding suggests:
380
A patient has colorectal carcinoma. Which tumour marker is most likely elevated?
380
A patient with prostate carcinoma undergoes follow-up testing. Which marker is most useful?
