Nephrology ✨

Nocturnal Penile Tumescence and Rigidity Test (NPTR); Special device measures number and rigidity of erection episodes at night. It is useful to differentiate organic from psychogenic ED.

Advanced workup:Nocturnal Penile Tumescence and Rigidity Test (NPTR)-Duplex ultrasound of the penis-Penile arteriography(component)

IVF:Between 500,000 to 5 million sperms

ICSI: one viable sperm can be used

Intrauterine insemination (IUI):5-40million mtile sperm

Vasovasostomy or epididymovasostomy for vasal or epidydimal obstruction. not ectomy😂

اي حاجة ف ال tract وانت طالع post +immotile cilia +hypospadius

exogenous androgen is pretesticular cause whereas defective androgen activity is testicular cause for infertilty

The strongest intercellular barrier in the body is the blood-testis barrier. It consists of tight junctions between Sertoli cells.

ركز فدول خصوصا ال motility

Estrogen, thyroid hormone: increase SHBG, decrease free T. - Androgen, growth hormone, obesity: increase free T

spermiogenesis phase in which spermatids undergo a profound metamorphosis to become mature spermatozoa

بقولوكو محتارين ف الاندرولوجي وعايزين النوتس المهمة فيه عشان تحلو التوصيل او ترو وفالص 🙈♥️♥️♥️!⏳⏳

◼️تعريف AKI according to KDIGO♥️ 📌خدو بالكو دا اجابة السؤال الصح من محاضرة الانفيرتيد عشان محلول غلط ف فاينال 39

ركز فدول خصوصا ال motility

spermiogenesis phase in which spermatids undergo a profound metamorphosis to become mature spermatozoa

Seminoma ✓ 70% confined to the testes. ✓ 40% incidence. ✓ Radio and chemo sensitive. Classified into three subtypes: 1 - Classic, 80% 2 - Spermatocytic: best prognosis, 50% above 50 years old 3 - Anaplastic: higher rate of local recurrence and metastasis with bad prognosis. Non-seminomatous germ cell tumours Main four types: 1 - Yolk sac tumors: most common in infancy, alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is elevated in 90% of cases. 2 - Embryonal carcinoma: smallest germ cell tumors, 40% less than 2 cm, highly malignant. 3 - Teratoma: can contain bone, or cartilage, or intestinal tissues. 4 - Choriocarcinoma: commonly present with metastasis, worst prognosis, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is elevated in all cases.