Vet Student Researchers'
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🐄Pregnancy Toxemia🐄
🔴Pregnancy toxemia in cattle is similar to the condition in small ruminants and is the result of fetal carbohydrate or energy demand exceeding ma ternal supply during the last trimester of pregnancy.
🔻It is precipitated by:-
1_Large or multiple fetuses
2_Low energy or protein feeds
3_Health conditions that increase energy demand or Decreased ability to take in feed.
🔻Clinical Symptoms:-
🔘Mild cases:
1_Decreased appetite
2_Rumination
3_Fecal production
4_Nose licking are general signs of illness.
🔘Severe cases:
1_Cows become depressed
2_Weak
3_Ataxic
4_Recumbent
5_Opisthotonus,Seizures, or coma may be seen terminally.
🔬Diagnosis
🔹The history ,Stage of pregnancy, Nutritional status give tentative diagnosis.
🔹Elevated ketone and decreased calcium levels in blood are confirmatory.
🟢Treatment and Prevention
🟡Supportive treatment
🔘Mild cases
1_Glucose 500 ml, IV
or
2_Calcium borogluconate combined with phosphorus,
magnesium, and 20% glucose
🔘Severe cases
.1_Propylene glycol
💊Drug treatment
.1_Anabolic steroids
📌Note: Early treatment becomes successful
ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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About Progestrone and Estrogene
1. Proestrus: During this phase, the follicles in the ovaries start to grow and develop. Estrogen levels rise gradually during proestrus, preparing the reproductive tract for potential fertilization. However, milk or plasma estrogen concentrations may not significantly increase during this phase.
2. Estrus: This is the phase commonly referred to as "heat." Estrogen levels reach their peak during estrus, stimulating behaviors and physical changes associated with mating. Estrogen is responsible for the receptive state of the female mammals during this time, making it more likely for successful mating to occur.
3. Metestrus: After the peak of estrus, estrogen levels decrease during metestrus. The corpus luteum, formed from the remnants of the ovarian follicle, starts producing progesterone at this stage. Progesterone is responsible for maintaining the uterine lining and preparing the environment for possible embryo implantation.
4. Diestrus: This phase follows metestrus and is characterized by high progesterone levels. The corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone, maintaining the uterine lining and providing a supportive environment for a potential pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels eventually decline, leading to the start of a new estrous cycle.
during👉 proestrus and estrus👈 ==estrogen level increase
during 👉metestrus and diestrus👈 ==progesterone level increase
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❤ 4👍 2
Media for different Bacteria: -
1-Staphylococcus-Mannitol Salt Agar, Baird-Parker Agar
2.Streptococcus-Edwards Medium
3.Bacillus anthracis-PLET Medium
4.Clostridium-Robertsons Cooked Meat Broth (isolation)
5.Mycobacterium bovis-Stone brink’s Medium
6.Mycobacterium avium-Lowenstein Jensen Medium
7.Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Lowenstein Jensen Medium
8.Escherichia coli-Mac Conkey Agar (Rosy Pink/Red colonies)
9.Salmonella-Mac Conkey agar (Colorless)
10.Campylobacter-Preston Agar-Blood media
Mccda -Charcoal based media
11.Brucella-Albimi Medium and Columbia Agar
12.Pasteurella-Sheep Blood Agar
13.Pseudomonas-Nutrient Agar
14.Burkholderia-Nutrient Agar+ Serum+ Glycerol
15.Moraxella-Sheep Blood Agar
16.Hemophilus-Chocolate Agar (X &V Factors), Fieldes Agar, Levinthal Medium
17.Listeria-Oxford Media, PALCAM Media
18.Erysipelothrix-Nutrient Agar + Serum
19. Actinobacillus-Mac Conkey Agar, Sheep Blood Agar
20.Actinomyces-Sheep Blood Agar
21.Arcanobacterium- Sheep Blood Agar
22.Corynebacterium- Sheep Blood Agar
23.Nocardia-Nutrient Agar
24.Dermatophilus- Sheep Blood Agar
25.Leptospira- Liq-Korthoffs Medium and Semi-Solid EMJH Medium
26.Borellia - Sheep Blood Agar
27.Mycoplasma- Beef Heart Infusion Agar + 20% horse serum
28.Ureaplasma- Modified Hayflick’s medium (Thallium acetate excluded)
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❤ 4
Increase your knowledge with us! 📒
# Selenium is principally absorbed from which part of intestine
- Duodenum
# Nutritional muscular dystrophy conditions of Selenium are also called as
-White muscle disease
Stiff lamb disease
Nutritional myopathy
# White areas of muscle in Selenium show __ degeneration
- Zenker's
# Skeletal muscle shows bilaterally symmetrical lesions in
- White muscle disease
# Thyroid gland hyperplasia is termed as. - Goitre
# Pityriasis rosea (erythematous skin covered by scale) is diagnostic lesion in pig in
- Zinc deficiency
# Cow's milk is exceptionally low in
- Manganese
# Concurrent deficiency of Selenium with vitamin E causes
- Mulberry heart disease
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👍 2❤ 1
⚫CATTLE :
Sc.Name: Bos Taurus (European) / Bos indicus (Indian)
Baby: Calf
Young male : Bullock
Mature male☝🏻: Bull
Castrated male: Steer
Young female: Heifer (until 1st calf is born)
Mature Female: Cow
Group: Herd
Gestation period: 283 days
Meat: Beef
⚫BUFFALO :
Sc.Name: Bubalus bubalis
Baby: Calf
Young : Bullock
Mature : Bull
Castrated : Ox
Young : Heifer
Mature : Cow
Group: Herd
Gestation period:310 days
Meat: Beef/Carabeef
⚫GOAT :
Sc.Name: Capra hircus
Baby: Kid
Young : Ram Kid
Mature : Billy
Castrated : Wether
Young : Doe Kid
Mature : Doe
Group: herd or tribe
Gestation period: 150-152 days
Meat: Chevon
⚫SHEEP:
Sc.Name: Ovis aries
Baby: Lamb
Young : Ram Lamb
Mature : Ram
Castrated : Wether
Young : Ewe Lamb
Mature : Ewe
Group: Flock
Gestation period: 145 days
Meat: Mutton
⚫HORSE :
Sc.Name: Equus caballus
Baby: Foal
Young : Colt
Mature : Stallion
Castrated : Gelding
Young : Filly
Mature : Mare
Group: Herd
Gestation period: 341 days
Meat: Chevaline
⚫PIGS:
Sc.Name: Sus scrofa domesticus
Baby: Piglet
Young : Shoat
Mature : Boar
Castrated : Barrow
Young : Gilt (until 1st litter)
Mature : Sow
Group: Herd, Drove, Mob Or "Sounder of hogs"
Gestation period: 114 days (IBPS 2019)
Meat: Pork, Ham & Bacon
POULTRY BIRDS
⚫HEN :
Sc.Name: Gallus domesticus [ Red Jungle Fowl : Gallus gallus ]
Baby: Chick
Young : Cockerel
Mature : Rooster
Castrated : Capon
Young : Pullet
Mature : Hen
Group: Brood, Flock, Peep
Incubation period of eggs: 21 days
Meat: Chicken
⚫DUCK
Sc.Name: Anas platyrhynchos
Incubation period: 28 days
Baby: Ducking
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👍 3❤ 1
Anaemia* - Deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood
*2. Analgesic* - Medicine which alleviates pain
*3. Arthralgia* - Pain in a joint
*4. Cephalalgia* - Headache
*5. Nephralgia* - Pain in the kidney
*6. Neuralgia* - Nerve pain
*7. Myalgia* - Muscle pain
*8. Otalgia* - Ear ache
*9. Gastralgia* - Pain in the stomach
*10. Pyoderma* - Skin infection with pus formation
*11. Leucoderma* - Defective skin pigmentaion
*12. Hysterodynia* - Pain in the uterus
*13. Hysterectomy* - Excision of the uterus
*14. Nephrectomy* - Excision of a kidney
*15. Adenectomy* - Excision of a gland
*16. Cholecystectomy* - Excision of gall bladder
*17. Thyroidectomy* - Excision of thyroid gland
*18. Arthritis* - Inflammation of a joint
*19. Bronchitis* - Inflammation of the bronchi
*20. Carditis* - Inflammation of the heart
*21. Cervicitis* - Inflammation of the cervix
*22. Colitis* - Inflammation of the colon
*23. Colpitis* - Inflammation of the vagina
*24. Cystitis* - Inflammation of the urinary bladder
*25. Enteritis* - Inflammation of the intestines
*26. Gastritis* - Inflammation of the stomach
*27. Glossitis* - Inflammation of the tongue
*28. Hepatitis* - Inflammation of the liver
*29. Laryngitis* - Inflammation of the larynx
*30. Metritis* - Inflammation of the uterus
*31. Myelitis* - Inflammation of the spinal cord
*32. Nephritis* - Inflammation of the kidney
*33. Pharyngitis* - Inflammation of the pharynx
*34. Blepharitis* - Inflammation of the eyelids
*35. Cholelithiasis* - Stone in the gall bladder
*36. Nephrolithiasis* - Stone in the kidney
*37. Osteomalacia* - Softening of bones through deficiency of calcium or D vitamin
*38. Adenoma* -Benign tumour of glandular tissue
*39. Myoma* - Tumour of muscle
*40. Diplopia* - Double vision
*41. Thrombosis* - Formation of a blood clot
*42. Pyloromyotomy* - Incision of pyloric sphincter muscle
*43. Hedrophobia* - Fear of water(Rabies in humans)
*44. Neuroplasty* - Surgical repair of nerves
*45. Pyloraplasty* - Incision of plastic pylorus to widen passage
*46. Hemiplegia* - Paralysis of one side of the body
*47. Nephroptosis* - Downward displacement of the kidney
*48. Amenorrhoea* - Absence of menstrual discharge
*49. Dysmenorrhoea* - Painful menstruation
*50. Leucorrhoea* - Whitish vaginal discharge
*51. Menorrhoea* - Menstrual bleeding
*52. Haemorrhage* - Escape of blood from a vessel
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👍 4👏 3
*Rx* = Treatment
> *Hx* = History
> *Dx* = Diagnosis
> *q* = Every
> *qd* = Every day
> *qod* = Every other day
> *qh* = Every Hour
> *S* = without
> *SS* = One & half
> *C* = With
> *SOS* = If needed
> *AC* = Before Meals
> *PC* = After meals
> *BID* = Twice a Day
> *TID* = Thrice a Day
> *QID* = Four times a day
> *OD* = Once a Day
> *BT* = Bed Time
> *hs* = Bed Time
> *BBF* = Before Breakfast
> *BD* = Before Dinner
> *Tw* = Twice a week
> *SQ* = sub cutaneous
> *IM* = Intramuscular
> *ID* = Intradermal
> *IV* = Intravenous
*Knowledge About Blood*
1. Which is known as ‘River of Life’?
*Answer: Blood*
2. Blood circulation was discovered by?
*Answer: William Harvey*
3. The total blood volume in an adult?
*Answer: 5-6 Litres*
4. The pH value of Human blood?
*Answer: 7.35-7.45*
5. The normal blood cholesterol level?
*Answer: 150-250 mg/100 ml*
6. The fluid part of blood?
*Answer: Plasma*
7. Plasma protein fibrinogen has an active role in?
*Answer: Clotting of blood*
8. Plasma protein globulins functions as?
*Answer: Antibodies*
9. Plasma proteins maintain the blood pH?
*Answer: Albumins*
10. Biconcave discs shaped blood cell?
*Answer: RBC* (Erythrocytes)
*11. Non nucleated blood cell?*
*Answer: RBC* (Erythrocytes)
12. Respiratory pigments present in RBC?
*Answer: Haemoglobin*
13. Red pigment present in RBC?
*Answer: Haemoglobin*
14. RBC produced in the?
*Answer: Bone marrow*
15. Iron containing pigment of Haemoglobin?
*Answer: Haem*
16. Protein containing pigment of Haemoglobin?
*Answer: Globin*
17. Graveyard of RBC?
*Answer: Spleen*
18. Blood bank in the body?
*Answer: Spleen*
19. Life span of RBC?
*Answer: 120 Days*
20. Total count is measured by an instrument known as?
*Answer: Haemocytometer*
21. A decrease in RBC count is known as?
*Answer: Anemia*
22. An increase in RBC count is known as?
*Answer: Polycythemia*
23. A high concentration of bilirubin in the blood causes?
*Answer: Jaundice*
24. The disease resistant blood cell?
*Answer: WBC (leucocytes)*
25. Which WBC is known as soldiers of the body?
*Answer: Neutrophils*
26. Largest WBC?
*Answer: Monocyes*
27. Smallest WBC?
*Answer: Lymphocytes*
28. Antibodies producing WBC?
*Answer: Lymphocytes*
29. Life span of WBC?
*Answer: 10-15 days*
30. Blood cell performs an important role in blood clotting?
*Answer: Thrombocytes (Platelets)*
31. Vessels is called?
*Answer: Thrombus*
32. Anticoagulant present in Blood?
*Answer: Heparin*
33. A hereditary bleeding disease?
*Answer: Haemophilia*
34. Bleeder’s disease?
*Answer: Haemophilia*
35. Christmas disease?
*Answer: Haemophilia*
36. A type of Anemia with sickle shaped RBC?
*Answer: Sickle cell anemia*
37. Viscosity of Blood?
*Answer: 4.5 to 5.5*
38. Instrument used to measure haemoglobin?
*Answer: Haemoglobinometer*
39. Who demonstrated blood groups?
*Answer: Karl Landsteiner*
40. Who demonstrated Rh factor?
*Answer: Karl Landsteiner*
41. Blood group which is called Universal donor?
*Answer: O*
42. Blood group which is called Universal recipient?
*Answer: AB*
43. Blood group is most common among the Asians?
*Answer: B*
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👍 5
ከዓለማችን 6ቱ ምርጥ የወተት ላም ዝርያዎች።
1, ሆልስቴይን
ሆልስቴይን የምባሉ የወተት ላሞች የአሜርካ ላሞች በመባል የምታወቁ ስሆን ቀደምት መገኛቸው ሆላንድ/የዛሬዋ ኔዘርላንድ/ስሆን በ1631 BC ወደ አሜርካ እንደገቡ ይነገራል፡፡ ላሞቹ በአብዛኛው የጥቁር ቡሬ ወይም የቀይ ቡሬ ልሆኑ ይችላሉ፡፡ከሌሎች ዝርያወች በወተት ምርት መጠን የምበልጡ ናቸው፡፡
2, ጀረሲ
የጀርሲ የወተት ላሞ ዝርያ መነሻቸው ከእንግሊዝ ስሆን ከሌሎቹ ለሞች አንፃር ስታይ ላሞቹ በመጠን አነስ የምሉ እና ዝቅተኛ የወተት ምርት ያላቸው ስሆን ወተታቸው ከፍተኛ የቅቤ ምርት እንዳለው ይነገራል፡፡መልካቸው ነጣ ያለ ጥቁር ቡኒ የቆዳ ቀለም አላቸው፡፡ ከሀገራችን ላሞች አንጻር ስታይ ግን በብዙ መልኩ የተሻለ ምርት የምሰጡ ላሞች ናቸው፡፡
3, ብራው ስዊስ
የነዚህ የወተት ላሞች ዝርያ የምነሳው ስውዘር ላንድ( Switzerland) ከምባል ሀገር ስሆን ለሞቹ በአብዛኛው ወደ ጥቁር ቡኒ የምያደላ ብርማ መልክ ስኖራቸው ከፍተኛ የወተት ምርት በመስጠት ይታወቃሉ፡ወተታቸው ከፍተኛ ፕሮቲን እነ የቅባት ይዘት የያዘ የአይብ ምርት ኣለው ፡፡
4, ገርንሴይ /Guernsey/
በተለምዶ/the Golden Guernsey/ወርቃማዋ ገርንሴይ በመባል ትታወቃለች ምክንያቱም የወተቷ ቀለም ወርቃማ ቀለም የያዘ በመሆኑ ነው፡፡መነሻቸው እንግሊዝ Isle of Guernsey in the English Channe /ይባላል፡፡የነዚህ ላሞች ዝርያ ወተታቸው ከሌሎች እንስሳት በተለየ መልኩ በቤታ ካሮትን(beta carotene ) ንጥረ-ነገር የበለጸገ ነው፡፡መልካቸው በአብዛኛው ቡናማ እና ነጭ ነጠብጣብ ስኖራቸው እግሮቻቸው ነጭ ናቸው፡፡
5, አይርሽሬ (Ayrshire)
መገኛቸው(county of Ayr in Scotland) የስኮትላንዷ አይሬ ከተማ ስሆን በመጠን ከሁሉም የምተልቁ ናቸው፡፡መልካቸው (rusty-red with white)ቀይ በነጭ ዥንጉርጉር ናቸው
6, ባለ አጭር ቀንድ (Milking Shorthorn)
መነሻቸው ከታላቋ ብሪታንያ(Great Britain) ወይም እንግሊዝ ነው፡፡ የእነዚህ ላሞች ዝርያቸው (dual purpose breed) ማለትም የወተትና የስጋ ምርት መስጠት የምችሉ ናቸው፡፡ በአብዛኛው ቀለማቸው red mixed with black and brown on white )ቀይ በጥቁር በቡናማና በነጭ ዥንጉርጉር መልክ አላቸው፡፡ወተታቸው በፕሮቲንና በቅባት የበለጸገ ነው፡፡
NB.ከስድስቱ ኢትዮያ ውስጥ ያሉት ሆሊስቴን፣ጀርሲና አይርሽሬ ናቸው።
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👍 4👎 1🤩 1