$FX Finance

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Exercise 5.20 Explain the main difference between common and preferred shares. List out the basic rights and responsibilities of shareholders. XY Enterprise is a corporation with 3,000 shares. For the current quarter, the company will pay out dividends totaling Birr 37,560. a. Find the dividend per share. b. If Fantu owns 1,445 shares, how much will she receive?

• Authorized stock is the maximum number of shares the company can issue under its present charter. • Issued stock is the number of shares the company has issued to its stockholders. • Stock in the hands of a stockholder is said to be outstanding. The total number of shares of stock outstanding at any time represents 100% ownership of the corporation. • Stockbroker: A stockbroker is a financial professional who executes orders in the market on behalf of clients. A stockbroker may also be known as a registered representative (RR) or an investment advisor. • A stock exchange, securities exchange, is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds, and other financial instruments. Stock exchanges may also provide facilities for the issue and redemption of such securities and instruments and capital events including the payment of income and dividends.

Preferred stock gives its owners certain advantages over common stockholders. Preferred stockholders receive dividends before the common stockholders and they also receive assets before the common stockholders if the corporation liquidates. Owners of preferred stock also have the four basic stockholder rights, unless a right is specifically denied. Par Value and No-Par. Par value is an arbitrary amount assigned by a company to a share of its stock. No-par stock does not have par value. But some no-par stock has a stated value, which makes it similar to par-value stock. Example 1 In Ethiopia most of the companies known as Share Company have been established by selling stocks. In 2020 Dashen bank had a share capital of Birr 3,479,224,000 and Awash Bank had Birr 5,848,271,000. This means Dashen Bank has sold 3,479,224 shares and Awash Bank sold 5,848,271 shares, each of them having a par value of Birr 1000.00.

Corporations issue different types of stock to appeal to a variety of investors The stock of a corporation may be either common and preferred or Par and no-par. Common and Preferred Every corporation issues common stock, the basic form of capital stock. Unless designated otherwise, the word stock is understood to mean "common stock." Common stockholders have the four basic rights of stock ownership, unless a right is specifically withheld.

3) Liquidation. The right to receive a proportionate share of any assets remaining after the corporation pays its liabilities in liquidation. Liquidation means to go out of business, sell the assets, pay all liabilities, and distribute any remaining. 4) Preemption. The right to maintain one's proportionate ownership in the corporation. Suppose you own 5% of a corporation's stock. If the corporation issues 100,000 new shares, it must offer you the opportunity to buy 5% (or 5,000) of the new shares. This right, called the preemptive right, is usually withheld from the stockholders

There are many types of investments available on the market; from stocks and bonds to mutual funds. A. Stock (Equity):- Buying stock is like buying a small fraction of a company, it uses your money to fund the business and you get to enjoy a portion of the profits. Ownership of stock entitles shareholders to four basic rights, unless a specific right is withheld by agreement with the shareholders: 1) Vote. The right to participate in management by voting on matters that come before the shareholders. A shareholder gets one vote for each share of stock owned. 2) Dividends. The right to receive a proportionate part of any dividend. Each share of stock in a particular class receives an equal dividend.

Special Considerations. Risk is a huge component of an investment strategy. Some individuals have a high tolerance for risk while other investors are risk-averse. Here are a few common risk related rules: Investors should only risk what they can afford to lose, Riskier investments carry the potential for higher returns, Investments that guarantee the preservation of capital also guarantee a minimal return

Example : A 25-year-old who starts off his/her career and begins saving for retirement may consider riskier investments because he or she has more time to invest and is more tolerant to risk. He / She can also afford to lose some money in the event the market takes a dive because he/she still has time to earn more money. This means he/she can invest in things like stocks and real estate.

The term investment strategy refers to a set of principles designed to help an individual investor achieve his/her financial and investment goals. Your investment strategy depends on your personal circumstances, including your age, capital, risk tolerance, and goals. They can vary from conservative (where they follow a low- risk strategy where the focus is on wealth protection) while others are highly aggressive (seeking rapid growth by focusing on capital appreciation) Investors can use their strategies to formulate their own portfolios or do so through a financial professional. Strategies aren't static, which means they need to be reviewed periodically as circumstances change.

Managed funds offer a long-term investment strategy that can help you achieve specific goals. Your choice of fund should reflect the type of life event that you are planning for, as its investment style will determine the returns you can expect over differing timescales. The three most common types of investment goals are: Retirement planning or property purchase over the very long term (15 years or more) Life events, such as school fees over the medium term (10-15 years) Rainy day or life style funds to finance goals such as to buy car over the medium to shorter term (5-10 years). The minimum time horizon for all types of investing should be at least five years.

Investments can also be made in other assets, Investing in real estate; for example, could mean buying an inexpensive property, renovating to increase its value, and then selling or leasing for more than the original cost. Investor is a person or organization that puts money into financial schemes, property, etc, with the expectation of achieving a profit or to get advantage. Some examples of investors are; Commercial banks provide loan to customers with a specific interest rate and return period and buy and sell foreign currency. b) Real estate developers, different service providers.... c) A person who learn, a family who teach and nurse the children and soon…..

An investment is an asset that will eventually provide value that exceeds the initial cost. The term investment can apply to almost any asset, including intangible assets such as education. In terms of the stock market, investing typically refers to the purchase of stocks or bonds. These securities are designed to provide an investor with future value that will exceed their initial cost. This could be because of: A change in market conditions A change in the overall supply (the demand for the product is more of the tors. The dividend. overall supply) Because of a direct improvement being made (such as with buying real estate and renovating to increase the value).

“The best investment that a person can invest is in their own ability” Warren Buffet

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