basic nursing knowledge

Common sign and symptoms of all body systems....👉👉👉👉 1. Cardiovascular System Chest Pain: Angina, myocardial infarction Palpitations: Irregular heartbeats, arrhythmias Dyspnea: Shortness of breath, exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Edema: Peripheral edema, ascites Syncope: Fainting, pre-syncope Fatigue: Generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance Cyanosis: Peripheral and central cyanosis Claudication: Intermittent leg pain due to peripheral artery disease Heart Murmur: Abnormal heart sounds Jugular Venous Distention: Elevated jugular venous pressure Hypertension: High blood pressure Hypotension: Low blood pressure Tachycardia: Rapid heart rate Bradycardia: Slow heart rate Orthostatic Hypotension: Drop in blood pressure upon standing Diaphoresis: Excessive sweating Cold Extremities: Poor circulation Angina Pectoris: Pain or discomfort due to coronary artery disease Arrhythmias: Atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia Heart Failure: Left or right-sided heart failure symptoms 2. Respiratory System Cough: Productive, non-productive, chronic, acute Dyspnea: Exertional, at rest, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Wheezing: Asthma, COPD Hemoptysis: Coughing up blood Chest Pain: Pleuritic pain, non-pleuritic pain Stridor: Upper airway obstruction Tachypnea: Rapid breathing Cyanosis: Peripheral and central cyanosis Clubbing: Enlargement of fingertips Use of Accessory Muscles: Increased effort in breathing Hypoxemia: Low blood oxygen levels Hypercapnia: Elevated carbon dioxide levels Pleural Effusion: Fluid in the pleural space Pneumothorax: Collapsed lung Bronchospasm: Constriction of airways Crackles/Rales: Abnormal lung sounds Rhonchi: Coarse lung sounds Tracheal Deviation: Shift of the trachea from its normal position 3. Gastrointestinal System Abdominal Pain: Generalized, localized, referred pain Nausea and Vomiting: Acute, chronic Diarrhea: Acute, chronic, bloody Constipation: Hard, infrequent stools Hematemesis: Vomiting blood Melena: Black, tarry stools Hematochezia: Bright red blood in stool Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing Odynophagia: Painful swallowing Anorexia: Loss of appetite Jaundice: Yellowing of skin and eyes Ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen Bloating: Abdominal distension Flatulence: Excessive gas Heartburn: Acid reflux, GERD Regurgitation: Backflow of stomach contents Hiccups: Involuntary contractions of the diaphragm Steatorrhea: Fatty stools Weight Loss: Unintentional Icterus: Yellowing of the sclera Borborygmi: Rumbling or gurgling noises from the intestines 4. Nervous System Headache: Migraine, tension, cluster headaches Seizures: Focal, generalized, absence seizures Tremors: Resting, intention tremors Ataxia: Loss of coordination Paresthesia: Numbness and tingling Weakness: Focal, generalized Paralysis: Hemiplegia, paraplegia, quadriplegia Confusion: Acute, chronic, delirium Delirium: Acute confusional state Aphasia: Loss of ability to understand or express speech Dysarthria: Slurred speech Vision Changes: Blurred vision, double vision, loss of vision Hearing Loss: Conductive, sensorineural Dizziness: Vertigo, lightheadedness Syncope: Fainting episodes Memory Loss: Short-term, long-term Mood Changes: Depression, anxiety, agitation Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia, hypersomnia Hyperreflexia: Overactive reflexes Hyporeflexia: Diminished reflexes Muscle Spasms: Involuntary contractions Myoclonus: Sudden, involuntary jerks 5. Endocrine System Polyuria: Frequent urination Polydipsia: Excessive thirst Polyphagia: Excessive hunger Weight Changes: Gain or loss Fatigue: Chronic tiredness Heat Intolerance: Sensitivity to heat Cold Intolerance: Sensitivity to cold Goiter: Enlarged thyroid gland Hirsutism: Excessive hair growth Gynecomastia: Enlarged breast tissue in men Hyperpigmentation: Darkening of the skin Acne: Hormonal skin eruptions

*Normal value of important subastance in blood.* *Glucose 100~120 mg/dl* *creatinine 0•5~1•5mg/dl* *cholesterol 200mg/dl* *plasma protein 6•4~8•3g/dl* *bilirubin 0•5~1•5mg/dl* *copper 100~200mg/dl* *iron 50~150micro g/dl* *calcium 9~11mg/dl* *sodium 135~145mEq/l* *potassium 3•5~5mEq/l* *magnesium 1•5~2mEq/l* *chloride 100~110mEq/l* *Bicarbonate 22~26mEq/l* *total protein 7•3g/dl* *serum albumin 4•7g/dl* *serum globulin 2•3g/dl* *fibrinogen 0•3g/dl* *A/G ratio 2•1* *IgG 1000mg/dl* *IgA 200mg/dl* *IgM 120mg/dl* *IgD 3mg/dl* *IgE 0•05mg/dl* ANTIDOTE AND DRUG OF CHOICE PROPHYLAXIS(Dx/Px):- 1.Drug for PCM poisoning :- N acetylecystine (mucomyst) 2. DOC for Acute Asthma:- Salbutamol 3.DOC for Chronic Asthma:- Salmetrol 4.Drug of choice for bipolar disorder:- Lithium 5.Drug of choice for mania:- Lithium 6.Drug of choice for acute mania:-Haloperidol 7.Drug of choice for chronic mania:-Lithum 8.Drug of choice for hyperkalamia:- Kayxalate/sodium natropuroside/insuline+dextrose 9.Drug of choice for Ketoacidosis:- Insuline+dextrose 10.Prophylaxis for Asthma:-Montalucast 11.Drug for Digitalis Toxicity:-Digibind 12.Drug of choice for Acute migraine:-Sumatripatan 13 Drug of choice for ADHD:-Methylphenidate(Amphetamine) 14.Drug of choice for Alzeihmers disease:-Tacrine/donepzil/Rivastigmine 15.Drug of choice for Myasthenia gravis:-Neostigmine 16.Drug of choice for Anaphylactic Shock:-Adrenaline 17.Drug of choice for Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy/Lactation:-Propylthiouracil 18.Drug of choice for Atonic Seizures:-Sodium valproate 19.Drug of choice for Febrile Seizures:-Diazepam 20.Antidote for Aspirine poisoning:-Sodium bicarbonate 21.Antidote for organophosphate poisoning:-Atropine 22.Drug of choice for Central Diabetic Insipidus:-Vasoprassin/desmopressin 23.DOC for Chemotherapy induced vomiting:-Ondasteron 24.DOC for chloroquine resistant malaria:-Quinine 25.DOC for cholera:Tetracycline 26.Antidote for Benzodiazapine poisoning:-Flumazenil 27.Antidote for Barbiturate poisoning:-Sodium bicarbonate 28.Antidote for Atropine poisoning:-Physostigmine 29.DOC for Chese reaction:-Phentolamine 30.DOC for Acute Gout:-Indomethacin 31.DOC for Chronic Gout:-Allopurinol 32.DOC for complicated Malaria:-Artesunate 33.Antidote for Cyanide poisoning:-Amyl nitrate 34.DOC for Depression:-Any of SSRI                 drug(Citalopram,Escitalopram,Fluoetine,Paroxetine,Sertraline,Vilazodone) 35.DOC for disease modifying anti Rheumatic drug(DMARD):-Methotrexate 36.DOC for drug induced parkinson disease:-Benzhexol 37.Choice of Muscle relaxant for Endotracheal intubation:-Succinylcholine 38.Choice for Relaxant for ECT:-succinylcholine 39.Treatment of choice for severe Depression:-ECT 40.DOC for Enteric Fever:-Ceftrixone 41.DOC for Epilepsy in pregnancy:-Lamotrigine 42.Antidote for Fibrinolytics:-Aminocaproic acid 43.DOC for BPH(Benign prostate hypertrophy):-Prozosin 44.Antidote for Heparine Toxicity:-Protamine sulphate 45.prophylaxis for herpes:-Acyclovir 46.prophylaxis for rheumatic fever:-Benzathaine penicilline 47.prophylaxis for MI:-Asprine 48.DOC for Malaria:-Chloroquine 49.DOC for hypertensive emergency:-Sodium nitroprusside 50.DOC for hypertension in pregnancy:-Lobetalol 51.DOC for Eclampsia:-Mgso4 52.DOC for Hypothyroidism:-Levothyroxin 53.DOC for hypovolemic Shock:-IV fluids 54.Antidote for Iron toxicity :-Desferoxamine 55.DOC for Methanol poisoning:-Fomepizole 56.DOC FOR Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus :- Vencomycin 57.Mydriatic of choice in Adults:-Tropicamide 58.Mydriatic of choice in children:-Atropine 59.DOC for syphillis:-Benzathine penicilline 60.DOC for noctural enuresis :- Desmopressin/imipramine 61.DOC for obsessive compulsive disorders:-SSRI drug(Citalopram,Escitalopram,Fluoetine,Paroxetine,Sertraline,Vilazodone) 62.Antidote for Opiod poisoning:-Nalaxone 63. DOC for oral hypoglycemic drug in obese :- metformine 64.DOC for oral hypoglycemic drug in thin:-Sulfonylureas 65.DOC for cardiogenic Shock:-Dobutamine

Follow for knowledge and update 👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍 #🏅LYMPHATIC_SYSTEM🏅 ----------------------------------------- 🌑LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS. ♥️1) A network of three parts ♥️2) Lymph ♥️3) Lymph nodes ♥️FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. ♥️Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood . 🌑IMMUNE SYSTEM ♥️Together with lymphoid organs and tissues, provide the structural basis 🌑LYMPHATIC VESSELS One way system,lymph flows toward the heart. 🌑WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS. ♥️Lymphatic capillaries ♥️Lymphatic collecting vessels ♥️Lymphatic trunks and ducts. 🌑Similar to blood capillaries, except ♥️Very permeable Endothelial cells overlap to form one-way minivalves ♥️Lymphatic capillaries. ,🌑Absent from bones, teeth bone marrow and the CNS ♥️lymphatic capillaries 🌑ACTEALS ♥️Specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa. 🌑LYMPHATIC COLLECTING VESSELS ♥️Similar to veins, except Have thinner walls, with more internal valves. 🌑LYMPHATIC TRUNKS ♥️Formed by the union of the largest collection ducts. 🌑LYMPH ♥️is delivered into one of two large ducts 🌑RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT ♥️Drains the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax. 🌑THORACIC DUCT ♥️arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body. 🌑RIGHT LYMPHATIC and THORACIC DUCT ♥️ empties lymph into venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins on its own side of the body 🌑WHAT IS LYMPH PROPELLED BY ♥️Pulsations of nearby arteries and Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics. 🌑LYMPHOCYTES ♥️The main warriors of the immune system 🌑TWO MAIN TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES ♥️T Cells ♥️ B Cells PROTECTS AGAINST ANTIGENS T cells and b cells protect against antigens. 🌑MACROPHAGES ♥️Phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T-cells 🌑DENDRITIC CELLS ♥️Cells that capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes. 🌑RETICULAR CELLS ♥️produce stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs. ,🌑LYMPHOID TISSUE ♥️Houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes. 🌑TWO MAIN TYPES OF LYMPHATIC TISSUE. ♥️Diffuse Lymphatic tissue and Lymphatic follicles 🌑DIFFUSE LYMPHATIC TISSUE ♥️comprises scattered reticular tissue. 🌑LYMPHATIC FOLLICLES ♥️nodules are solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells. 🌑GERMINAL CENTER ♥️composed of dendritic and B cells 🌑LYMPH NODES ♥️Principal lymphoid organs of the body 🌑FUNCTIONS OF LYMPH NODES ♥️Filter lymph and Immune system 🌑IMMUNE SYSTEM ♥️Lymphocytes are activated and mount an attack against antigens. 🌑What are the two Histologically distinct regions ♥️Cortex and medulla 🌑STRUCTURE OF A LYMPH NODES ♥️Cortex contains follicles with germinal centers, heavy with dividing B cells Deep cortex houses T cells in transit T cells circulate continuously among the blood,lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream. 🌑SPLEEN ♥️Largest lymphoid organs 🌑FUNCTIONS OF THE SPLEEN ♥️Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response. Cleanses the blood of aged cells and platelets and debris. 🌑STRUCTURE OF THE SPLEEN TWO DISTINCT AREAS ♥️white and red pulp 🌑WHITE PULP ♥️around central arteries Mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions 🌑RED PULP ♥️in venous sinuses and splenic cords Rich in macrophages for disposal of worn-out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens 🌑THYMUS ♥️Increases in size and is most active during childhood. Stops growing durning adolescence and then gradually atrophies. 🌑DIFFERS FROM OTHER LYMPHOID ORGANS in IMPORTANT WAYS. ♥️Thymus 🌑FUNCTIONS OF THE THYMUS ♥️It functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation. ♥️It does not directly fight antigens. 🌑THYMOCYTES ♥️Provide the environment in which T lymphocytes become immunocompetent 🌑TONSILS ♥️Simplest lymphoid organs 🌑Crypts trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter ♥️Tonsils

*Compounded Words - Meaning* *1. Anaemia* - Deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood *2. Analgesic* - Medicine which alleviates pain *3. Arthralgia* - Pain in a joint *4. Cephalalgia* - Headache *5. Nephralgia* - Pain in the kidney *6. Neuralgia* - Nerve pain *7. Myalgia* - Muscle pain *8. Otalgia* - Ear ache *9. Gastralgia* - Pain in the stomach *10. Pyoderma* - Skin infection with pus formation *11. Leucoderma* - Defective skin pigmentaion *12. Hysterodynia* - Pain in the uterus *13. Hysterectomy* - Excision of the uterus *14. Nephrectomy* - Excision of a kidney *15. Adenectomy* - Excision of a gland *16. Cholecystectomy* - Excision of gall bladder *17. Thyroidectomy* - Excision of thyroid gland *18. Arthritis* - Inflammation of a joint *19. Bronchitis* - Inflammation of the bronchi *20. Carditis* - Inflammation of the heart *21. Cervicitis* - Inflammation of the cervix *22. Colitis* - Inflammation of the colon *23. Colpitis* - Inflammation of the vagina *24. Cystitis* - Inflammation of the urinary bladder *25. Enteritis* - Inflammation of the intestines *26. Gastritis* - Inflammation of the stomach *27. Glossitis* - Inflammation of the tongue *28. Hepatitis* - Inflammation of the liver *29. Laryngitis* - Inflammation of the larynx *30. Metritis* - Inflammation of the uterus *31. Myelitis* - Inflammation of the spinal cord *32. Nephritis* - Inflammation of the kidney *33. Pharyngitis* - Inflammation of the pharynx *34. Blepharitis* - Inflammation of the eyelids *35. Cholelithiasis* - Stone in the gall bladder *36. Nephrolithiasis* - Stone in the kidney *37. Osteomalacia* - Softening of bones through deficiency of calcium or D vitamin *38. Adenoma* -Benign tumour of glandular tissue *39. Myoma* - Tumour of muscle *40. Diplopia* - Double vision *41. Thrombosis* - Formation of a blood clot *42. Pyloromyotomy* - Incision of pyloric sphincter muscle *43. Hedrophobia* - Fear of water(Rabies in humans) *44. Neuroplasty* - Surgical repair of nerves *45. Pyloraplasty* - Incision of plastic pylorus to widen passage *46. Hemiplegia* - Paralysis of one side of the body *47. Nephroptosis* - Downward displacement of the kidney *48. Amenorrhoea* - Absence of menstrual discharge *49. Dysmenorrhoea* - Painful menstruation *50. Leucorrhoea* - Whitish vaginal discharge *51. Menorrhoea* - Menstrual bleeding *52. Haemorrhage* - Escape of blood from a vessel *53. Arrhythmia* - Any deviation of normal rhythm of heart *54. Cholestasis* - Diminution in the flow of bile *55. Haemostatis* - Arrest of bleeding *56. Neurasthenia* - Nervous debility *57. Cystostomy* - Surgical opening made into the bladder *58. Cystotomy* - Incision into the urinary bladder *59. Hypertrophy* - Increase in the size of tissues *60. Haematuria* - Blood in the urine *61. Glycosuria* - Presence of sugar in the urine

Diseases Caused by Bacteria/Virus/Protozoa. 📕Diseases caused by Bacteria ‌🍀Cholera – Vibrio cholerae 💈Anthrax– Bacillus anthracise 💈Diphtheria – Corynebacterium diphtheriae 📫Leprosy – Mycobacterium leprae 📮Botulism – Clostridium botulinum 📭Syphilis – Treponema pallidum 🍀Tetanus – Clostridium tetani 🌴Trachoma – Chlamydia trachomatis 🌴Tuberculosis – Mycobacterium tuberculosis 🍀Typhoid fever – Salmonella typhi. 🌱Whooping cough– Bordetella pertussis 📕Diseases caused by Virus 📫AIDS – Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) 📮Influenza – Influenza virus 📭Mumps- Mumps Virus 🌴Polio – Polio Virus 🌱Chicken Pox – Varicella zoster virus 🍀Small Pox – It is caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. 🌴Measles- Measles Virus 🍀Dengue fever – Dengue Virus 📭Chikungunya – Chikungunya virus. 📫Rabies – Rabies virus 📕Diseases caused by Fungi 📭Athlete’s foot – caused by the mold known as Epidermophyton floccosum 📕Diseases caused by Protozoa 📫Malaria – Plasmodium vivax 💊Amoebic dysentery – Entamoeba histolytica

Your success is Important ❤️

ALL AIIMS 2024 CUT OFF : AIIMS DELHI - 710 AIIMS JODHPUR - 695 AIIMS BHUBANESHWAR - 695 AIIMS BHOPAL - 694 AIIMS RISHIKESH - 690 AIIMS NAGPUR - 685 AIIMS RAIPUR - 685 AIIMS PATNA - 681 AIIMS MANGALAGIRI - 680 AIIMS GORAKHPUR - 675 AIIMS RAIBARELI - 670 AIIMS BIBINAGAR - 672 AIIMS BHATINDA - 675 AIIMS KALYANI - 676 AIIMS DEOGHAR - 665 AIIMS RAJKOT - 675 AIIMS GUWAHATI - 665 AIIMS JAMMU - 665 AIIMS BILASPUR - 670 AIIMS MADHURAI - 650

There are 4 types of genetic diseases 1⃣  Single Gene - Disorders caused by abnormality or mutation in the sequence of one gene. 2⃣  Multifactorial - Caused by a combination of environmental factors as well as mutations in multiple genes. 3⃣  Chromosomal - Abnormalities in chromosome structure such has missing or extra copies 4⃣  Mitochondrial - Caused by a mutation in non-chromosomal DNA of mitochondria

Follow for more and share with your friends for further content