Dr.cusp

5️⃣ 🔶 Chronic inflammation 🔹 Macrophage are named according to the site where they are present: Liver (Kupffer cells) Spleen and lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes) Lungs (alveolar macrophages). Central nervous system (Microglial cell) 🔶 Vasoactive Amines: histamine and serotonin Histamine:-It is produced by many cell type particularly mast cells, basophils and platelets.

4️⃣ 🌐 Acute inflammation 🔶 Edema be either : 1 Exudate: high protein concentration 2 Transudate: low protein concentration 🔶 The sequence of events in the recruitment of leukocytes : بالتسلسل 1-Margination and rolling : attach loosely they bind and detach and thus beggin to tumble (a process called rolling), mediated by selectin . 2-Adhesion : integrins 3-Transmigration across the endothelium (also called diapedesis) 4. Chemotaxis: Migration in interstitial tissues toward a chemotactic stimulus , locomotion oriented along a chemical gradient. 🔶 Outcomes of acute inflammation : 🔹 1-Resolution : Regaining normal histological & functional tissue. 🔹 2- Progression to chronic inflammation . 🔹 3-Suppuration : means pus formation . Pus: A purulent inflammatory exudate caused by pyogenic bacteria Pus is a mixture of:- 1. Living & dead neutrophils. 2. Bacteria. 3. Cellular debris. 4. edema fluid Abscesses are focal collections of pus . 🔹 4- Scarring and fibrosis

3️⃣ ⏺️ Intracellular accumulations 🔶 Pigments are colored substances that are either: 1- Exogenous, coming from outside the body, like carbon (an example is coal dust). When inhaled, it is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages giving black pigmentation of the lung. This condition is called anthracosis. 2- Endogenous, synthesized within the body itself, include lipofuscin, melanin, and certain derivatives of hemoglobin. 🔹 Pathologic calcification: 1- Dystrophic calcification: It is abnormal deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, magnesium, and other minerals occurs in dead or dying tissues. 2- Metastatic calcification The deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues due to derangement in calcium metabolism (hypercalcemia).

2️⃣ ⚫ Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptation : 🔶 Types of adaptations: 1- Hypertrophy: An increase in the size of cells resulting in increase in the size of the organ. There are no new cells, just bigger cells, enlarged by an increased amount of structural proteins and organelles. Hypertrophy occurs when cells are incapable of dividing. a- Physiologic hypertrophy: e.g.: in skeletal muscle cells of weight lifter. b- Pathologic hypertrophy: e.g.: cardiac enlargement that occurs with hypertension or aortic valve disease. 2- Hyperplasia: An increase in number of cells that occur if the cell population is capable of dividing. a- Hormonal hyperplasia: e.g. : The proliferation of the glandular epithelium of the female breast at puberty and during pregnancy. b- Compensatory hyperplasia: occurs when a portion of the tissue is removed or diseased. e.g.: when a liver is partially resected, mitotic activity in the remaining cells begins to restore the liver to its normal weight. c- Pathologic hyperplasia: caused by excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation. e.g, endometrial hyperplasia that occurrs due to disturbances in the balance between estrogen and progesterone hormons causing abnormal menstrual bleeding. Another example is connective tissue hyperplasia in wound healing in which proliferating fibroblasts and blood vessels aid in repair. 3- Atrophy: Shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substance. Atrophic cells may have diminished function but they are not dead. Causes of atrophy include a decreased workload, e.g., immobilization of a limb to permit healing of a fracture, loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, and aging (senile atrophy). 4- Metaplasia: Change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) by another adult cell type, e.g. in cigarette smokers, the normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the respiratory epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. 🔶 Nuclear changes occur due to breakdown of DNA and chromatin and it include: 💠 a- Karyolysis: The basophilia of the chromatin may fade, secondary to deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity. 💠 b- Pyknosis: Nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia; the DNA condenses into a solid shrunken mass. 💠 c- Karyorrhexis: The pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation and then completely disappears.

1️⃣ ⚫ Introduction to pathology 💠 Methods used to study pathology: 1- Histopathology: Examination of the diseased tissues by light or electron microscope. 2- Cytopathology: Examination of isolated cells for diagnosis of the disease. 3- Biochemistry: Examination of the metabolic disturbances of diseases by evaluation of various compounds in body fluids. 4- Microbiology: Identification of the causative microorganism of the disease by examination of body fluids, mucosal surfaces and excised tissues using microscopical, cultural and serological techniques. 5- Haematology: Microscopical examination of blood. 6- Cytogenetics: Examination of chromosomal abnormality. 7- Histochemistry: Detection of cells and tissues constituents using special immunohistochemical techniques. 8- Forensic pathology: Examination of tissues taken from autopsy (dead body). مهم كلش 9- Toxicology; concerned with the study of the effects of known or suspected poisons on the body. 🔶 Stains used in pathology: 1- Haematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E): It is the primary stain used in sectioned slides to reveals their histological details. Haematoxylin has strong affinity for nuclear chromatin giving blue discoloration, while eosin has strong affinity for proteins presents in the cytoplasm giving pink discoloration. 2- Periodic acid Schiff stain (PAS): Special stain used to demonstrate glycogen, neutral mucosubstances, basmement membrane and most types of fungi and parasites. 3- Stain for microorganism: used to demonstrate gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, acid fast bacteria, fungi and parasites. e.g: Gram stain and zeihl-Neelsen stain. 4- Amyloid stain: e.g. congo red for detection of amyloid. 5- Reticulin stain: used to demonstrate both reticular fiber (type III collagen presents in the connective tissue throughout the bo dy) and basement membranes (type IV collagen and laminin). The main use of this stain is in tumor pathology. 6- Giemsa stain: used to demonstrate lymphoreticular elements. 7- Perl’s stain (for the detection of iron)

عيني شباب🙄👀 حتنزل على كل لكجر رسالة بيها اشياء سهلة تقروها بسرعة واحتمال يجي منها فد شكم امسكيو ليش حرامات يروح منهن 🌚 جتي هم بالمد والواحد يكون بس يعرف شنو هي يجاوبها لان مال كورس اول كله صعب يادوب حنكمل ثاني زين 💔

وعاشو عيشة سعيدة خلصت الكارسينوجنسس

اتمنى تكون واضحة واذا ما واضحة من الطبيعي تسألون واحنا نقدم المساعدة للي يحتاج وما نقصر ان شاء الله 🙏

الفيروسات الي ممكن تسوي كانسر RNA viruses -HTLV-1 ( or human T-cell leukemia virus-1 ) DNA viruses -human papilloma virus (and this must be associated with— benign squamous papillomas + squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix + oropharyngeal carcinoma) -Epstein-barr virus or EBV …This virus has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human tumors: Burkitt lymphoma B-cell lymphomas in patients with immunosuppression including AIDS: A subset of Hodgkin lymphoma A subset of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. -Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viruses For bacteria… H. pylori is the first bacterium classified as a carcinogen. H. pylori infection is implicated in the genesis of both gastric adenocarcinomas and gastric lymphomas.

Genetic damage lies at the heart of carcinogenesis. Three classes of gene damaging or carcinogenic agents can be identified: Chemicals Radiant energy Microbial agents.

t(14;18) يعني translocation بين الجين 14 والجين 18

مذكور تفصيلها صفحة 6-7

رمز ال t يرمز لل trans location وينحط يمة ارقام وحروف تحدد الموقع بالضبط مال gene حتى وي الband + region مال الجين وراح انطي عليها امثلها بوقتها بس هسة اجتي وحدة شبيهة وردت اربط Dysregulation of the MYC gene resulting from a t(8;14) translocation occurs in Burkitt lymphoma.

self-sufficiency ____ capacity insensitivity ___ not respond evasion of apoptosis ___resistance altered cellular metabolism limitless ___ unrestricted proliferation capacity sustained angiogensis __ not able to grow without the formation of vascular supply ability to invade and metastasize هذني ال hall marks مال كانسر وياها الkey word مالتها يعني ميجي تعريفها بدون ميذكر الكلمة الموجودة يمها شكلها كلش مهمة ولازم يجي منها