Dr.cusp

حساب الانستا ♥️🔥 https://www.instagram.com/p/C7yhwnoIA8D/?igsh=ZXg5MWZlN3d6bHZl

السلام عليكم يا أحلى طلاب ومتابعين👋 طبعا دكتور كاسب حينقسم إلى قسمين ⬇️ ☝🏻القسم الاول هو التلي وبهذا القسم حينزللكم شرح عن المواد مال طب الاسنان وان شاءالله نكون وافين وياكم بكلشي ولكل المراحل ولاي شي تحتاجوا اي شي تريدو حيكون بالرساله المثبته🖇️ ✌🏻القسم الثاني هو الانستا وبهذا القسم حيكون بي شرح عن أشياء عامه بل اسنان تفيد اي شخص إذا جان طبيب اسنان او لا وكذلك حينزللكم شرح عن بعض الاشياء الي تخص المرحلة الرابعه وامور ثانية هم😉 ان شاء الله مراح نقصر وياكم ونكون عند حسن ظنكم بينه..🩵

انتظرونا بالعطلة ان شاء الله بشغلات وحبشكلات تنال إعجابكم🔥😉

#خلصت_الثالثة💀 وأخيرًا وبعد اكثر من شهرين امتحانات.. نكدر نكول خلصت موجة الامتحانات. اللي عليكم سوّيتوا.. والباقي على الله🩵 ان شاء الله ما قصرنا معكم باللي نكدر عليه من شرح وتبسيط للمواضيع وعمل امسيكيوات واسئلة عليها لتثبيت المعلومة وملخصات فادت الكل🤍 يا رب كل التوفيق لكل شخص بذل جهده بالامتحانات واكيد ماكو جهد يضيع لان هذا حقكم وان شاء الله الكل ناجحين بالنتيجة اللي يستحقونها🩵 شكرًا لله والكم على جهدكم بالامتحانات وعلى ثقتكم المميزة دعمكم الجميل مثلكم.. وان شاء الله دكتور كاسب يكون عند حسن ظنكم🤍 واخيرًا.. عطلة سعيدة للجميع ان شاء الله✨ 🇮🇶🇵🇸🇸🇩

#خلصت_الثالثة💀 وأخيرًا وبعد اكثر من شهرين امتحانات.. نكدر نكول خلصت موجة الامتحانات. اللي عليكم سوّيتوا.. والباقي على الله🩵 ان شاء الله ما قصرنا معكم باللي نكدر عليه من شرح وتبسيط للمواضيع وعمل امسيكيوات واسئلة عليها لتثبيت المعلومة وملخصات فادت الكل🤍 يا رب كل التوفيق لكل شخص بذل جهده بالامتحانات واكيد ماكو جهد يضيع لان هذا حقكم وان شاء الله الكل ناجحين بالنتيجة اللي يستحقونها🩵 شكرًا لله والكم على جهدكم بالامتحانات وعلى ثقتكم المميزة دعمكم الجميل مثلكم.. وان شاء الله دكتور كاسب يكون عند حسن ظنكم🤍 واخيرًا.. عطلة سعيدة للجميع ان شاء الله✨ 🇮🇶🇵🇸🇸🇩

#خلصت_الثالثة💀 وأخيرًا وبعد اكثر من شهرين امتحانات.. نكدر نكول خلصت موجة الامتحانات. اللي عليكم سوّيتوا.. والباقي على الله🩵 ان شاء الله ما قصرنا معكم باللي نكدر عليه من شرح وتبسيط للمواضيع وعمل امسيكيوات واسئلة عليها لتثبيت المعلومة وملخصات فادتنا وفادتكم🤍 ويا رب كل التوفيق لكل شخص بذل جهده بالامتحانات واكيد ماكو جهد يضيع لان هذا حقكم وان شاء الله الكل ناجحين وبالنتيجة اللي يستحقوها🩵 شكرًا لله والكم على جهدكم بالامتحانات وعلى ثقتكم المميزة دعمكم الجميل مثلكم، وان شاء الله دكتور كاسب يكون عند حسن ظنكم🤍 واخير شي.. عطلة سعيدة للجميع ان شاء الله✨ 🇮🇶🇵🇸🇸🇩

هاي الصفحه بلكجر د بان ملزمه moleculer ممأشره بس باليوتيوب من شرحت جانت مأشره ذني نشكر الطالب على التنبيه 🤍🫂

9️⃣ 🌐 THROMBOSIS 🔶 Virchow's triad: (1) Endothelial injury. (2) Stasis or turbulence of blood flow. (3) Blood hypercoagulability. Forms of emboli : 1-thromboembolism. 2-Fat Embolism:Microscopic fat globules can be found in the circulation after fractures of long bones 3.air embolism 4.Atherosclerotic emboli (cholesterol e mboli): consisting of athermatous debris 5.Tumor emboli: made up of fragments of a tumor. 6. Bone marrow emboli: consisting of bits of bone marrow. Pulmonary Thromboembolism : In more than 95% of cases, venous emboli originate from deep leg vein thrombi 🔶 Types of shock: 1-Cardiogenic shock Results from failure of the cardiac pump 2- Hypovolemic shock: Results from loss of blood 3.Septic shock: Caused by microbial infection. 4.Neurogenic shock :anesthetic accident or a spinal cord injury 5.Anaphylactic shock: Represents systemic vasodilation and increased vascular permeability 🔶 Clinical manifestations: 🔹 In hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock, the patient presents with hypotension; a weak, rapid pulse; tachypnea; and cool, clammy , cyanotic skin. 🔹 In septic shock, the skin may be warm and flushed as a result of peripheral vasodilation.

8️⃣ ⚫ Diseases of the Immune System 🔶 Tlymphocytes(mature in the thymus). Blymphocytes(mature in the bone marrow). 🔶 Hypersensitivity disorders are of four types: Type I: IgE-mediated disorders. Type II: Antibody-mediated (cytotoxic) disorders. Type III, Immune-Complex Disorders Type IV: Cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions.

7️⃣ 🌐 Healing by Regeneration and Fibrosis 🔹 Tissue repair : 🔺 1- Regeneration: Repair by replacement of the damaged components by the same original tissue so returning to a normal state. 🔺 2- Fibrosis: Repair by extensive deposition of collagen fibers, ending with scar formation. ⚫ THE CELL CYCLE : The cycle consists of the 1-presynthetic growth phase 1 (G1 ) 2-the DNA synthesis phase (S) 3-the premitotic growth phase 2 (G2 ) 4-and the mitotic phase (M) 🔶 Proliferative Capacities of Tissues: tissues are divided into three groups: 🔲 1-Labile tissues (Continuously Dividing Tissue : stem cells Tissues contain labile cells: 1- Hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. 2- The majority of surface epithelia (the stratified squamous surfaces of the skin, oral cavity, vagina, and cervix). 3- The cuboidal epithelia of the ducts draining exocrine organs (e.g., salivary glands, pancreas, biliary tract); 4- The columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, uterus, and fallopian tubes and the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract. 🔹The normal size of cell populations in any given tissue is determined by a balance of 1-cell proliferation 2-cell death by apoptosis 3-The emergence of new differentiated cells from stem cells 🔲 2-Stable Tissues: (Quiescent cells) : 1. The parenchyma of most solid tissues (liver, kidney, and pancreas). 2. The endothelial cells. 3. The fibroblasts. 4. The smooth muscle cells. 🔲 3-Permanent Tissues: (Non dividing cells) : ex. neurons and cardiac muscle cells. Thus, injury to the brain or the heart is irreversible and results in a scar formation ٫ Skeletal muscle . 🌐 Chemical mediators; such as growth factors, hormones, and cytokines. These are involved in the stimulation or inhibition of cell growth. 2-Signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) 🔶 Components of the Extracellular Matrix There are three basic components of ECM: 1. Fibrous structural proteins (collagens and elastins). 2. Water-hydrated gels (proteoglycans and hyaluronan). 3. Adhesive glycoproteins (fibronectin), and adhesive receptors (selectins, integrins and cadherins 🔶 Wound healing: Healing process in general involve: (1) Inflammation (2) Formation of granulation tissue (3) ECM deposition and remodeling Healing of any wound can occur by one of two type of repair: 1-Healing by First Intention (primary union). 2-Healing by Second Intention (secondary union) 🔶 Steps of repair by connective tissue deposition: 1- Formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). 2- Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of ECM (scar formation). 3-Maturation and reorganization of the fibrous tissue (remodeling). مهم 4-Wound contraction

6️⃣ 🔶 HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS 🔹 Edema: Sixty percent of lean body weight is water, 2/3 intracellular & 1/3 is in extracellular. The latter is mostly interstitial fluid; only 5% of total body water is in blood plasma. 🔹 Edema refers to” increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces.” Extravascular fluid can also collect in body cavities such as the : pleural cavity (hydrotho- rax), pericardial cavity (hydropericardium), peritoneal cavity (hydroperitoneum, or ascites). 🌐 Anasarca : is severe, generalized edema marked by profound swelling of subcutaneous tissues and accumulation of fluid in body cavities. 🔲 Types of edema: 1- Inflammatory edema, is a protein-rich exudate with a specific gravity that is usually greater than 1.020, occurs due to increased vascular permeability. 2-Non inflammatory edema, is a protein-poor transudate that has a specific gravity less than 1.012, occurs due to other reasons other than inflammation ⚫ Causes of non-inflammatory edema: 1- Increased Hydrostatic Pressure. 2- Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure. 3- Lymphatic Obstruction. 4- Sodium and Water Retention. 💠 Increased Hydrostatic Pressure: Localized increases in intravascular pressure can result from impaired venous return for example: a- deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremities can cause edema restricted to the distal portion of the affected leg. b. Portal hypertension caused by liver cirrhosis. This produces a transudate in the peritoneal cavity (ascites). c. Pressure of gravid uterus on the iliac veins produces congestion and edema of the lower limbs. d- Acute left ventricular failure causes acute pulmonary edema. 💠 3-Lymphatic Obstruction: called peau d'orange (orange peel) appearance. 🔺. Subcutaneous edema:pitting edema 🔺 Pulmonary edema: This is a common clinical problem that is encountered with left ventricular failure ⚫ 🔹 Hyperemia is active process resulting from increased blood flow due to arteriolardilation 🔹 Congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired venous return out of a tissue ، Blue _red colour ( cyanosis ) . Congestion of capillary beds is closely related to the development of edema, so that congestion and edema commonly occur together. 🌐 In chronic pulmonary congestion (heart failure cells"). In chronic hepatic congestion (nutmeg liver"). 💠 Hemorrhage : Types: 1- Hematoma :a bruise 2 Petechiae: Minute (1- 2-mm) hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces ٫ thrombocytopenia . 3 Purpura: Slightly larger (3- 5-mm) hemorrhages ٫ vasculitis . 4 Ecchymoses: Larger (1- 2-cm) subcutaneous hematomas (bruises)٫ hemoglobin (red-blue color) is enzymatically converted into bilirubin (blue-green color) and eventually into hemosiderin (golden-brown). 5- Large accumulations of blood in one or another of the body cavities are called hemothorax, hemopericardium, hemoperitoneum, or hemarthrosis (in joints).